CASE IDENTIFICATION
EDITORIAL SUMMARY
Editorial — not part of the judgment as delivered
Facts of the Case
By a Writ of Summons filed on 15 May 1974 at the High Court of Justice, Ijebu-Ode, Bisi Osho (the original plaintiff) on behalf of himself and Bolu, Oreke, Meyiwa and Oke sections of Ginija family commenced an action claiming against five defendants jointly and severally the following reliefs: (1) a declaration that a deed dated 30 January 1974 registered as No. 23 at page 23 in Volume 1567 of the Land Registry, Ibadan, is void or voidable and should be set aside; (2) N500.00 being damages for trespass committed to the land situate at Latogu, Ijebu-Ode purported to be conveyed by the first four defendants to the 5th defendant by the deed; and (3) an injunction restraining the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th defendants from committing further acts of trespass upon the said land.
The plaintiff averred that the land in dispute was a portion of Ginija family land which was partitioned in pursuance of a decision reached by the family. The portions allocated to Bolu, Oreke, Meyiwa and Oke branches of the family constituted the area edged pink on plan No. BPO 715. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd defendants, acting on behalf of Potun and Otujoke sections, entered the land edged pink in 1972 and laid out portions thereof into building plots for sale. The plaintiff pleaded that the first three defendants by the deed sought to be nullified purported to convey to the 4th defendant a portion of the land in dispute.
The defendants raised a preliminary objection that the plaintiff’s claim disclosed no cause of action. The trial Court upheld the objection and dismissed the plaintiff’s claim. The plaintiff appealed to the Court of Appeal, Ibadan Division, which allowed the appeal, set aside the trial court’s ruling, and remitted the suit to the High Court for a hearing on the merits. The defendants further appealed to the Supreme Court.
Issues for Determination
ISSUE 1: Whether the Court of Appeal was right in holding that the writ of summons and the statement of claim disclosed a cause of action which merited a trial on the merits.
ISSUE 2: Whether the plaintiffs/respondents who are not parties to the deed of conveyance can ask that such document be set aside because it is void or voidable.
ISSUE 3: Whether the plaintiffs/respondents who pleaded sale of several portions of the land in dispute could have a cause of action in trespass in respect of the whole land not in plaintiffs’ possession.
ISSUE 4: Whether the requirement that the plaintiff should have identified and denoted the unsold portion of the land in dispute was a rule of pleading being a material fact essential to give plaintiff a cause of action.
ISSUE 5: Whether the costs of N800.00 awarded against the defendant by the Court of Appeal was excessive.
Decision / Holding
The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal. The Court held that the Court of Appeal was correct in holding that the writ of summons and statement of claim disclosed a cause of action. The Court held that where a deed of conveyance is said to be void or voidable and the plaintiff seeks that it be declared void or voidable and succeeds by evidence to establish that it is void, the court will declare it to be void without setting it aside, even though the plaintiff also prays that it be set aside. The Court further held that the plaintiff was entitled to maintain an action for trespass in respect of the unsold portions of the land.
Ratio Decidendi / Principles
APPELLATE PRACTICE — Brief Writing — Issues for Determination vs. Grounds of Appeal “After setting out the issues reproduced above, learned Counsel proceeded in the appellants’ brief filed by him to base his arguments specifically on the grounds of appeal, and not on the issues raised, thus rendering purposeless the object of formulating in the brief issues for determination in the appeal. While a party is at liberty to relate an issue to the relevant ground or grounds of appeal from which it arises, his arguments in the brief are to be canvassed on the basis of the issues formulated. In proffering arguments in respect of an issue, the complaints in the relevant ground or grounds will of necessity be projected if the issue is correctly identified.” Per Akpata, JSC, in Ayanboye & Ors v. Balogun (1990) NLC-441989(SC) at p. 10; Paras D–E.
CIVIL PROCEDURE — Cause of Action — Determination of Reasonable Cause of Action “It behoves a trial Court, for purposes of deciding whether there is a cause of action, to accept the averments in the plaintiff’s Statement of Claim as against those in the Statement of Defence. It is the entire set of circumstances as disclosed in the plaintiff’s statement of claim, and not just a part of the circumstances stated therein, which give rise to a right to sue for a particular relief or reliefs.” Per Akpata, JSC, in Ayanboye & Ors v. Balogun (1990) NLC-441989(SC) at p. 17; Paras E–A.
CIVIL PROCEDURE — Claim — Court Bound by Plaintiff’s Claim “It has been decided in this Court that a plaintiff is not entitled to a relief not claimed by him, the corollary to this being that a court has no power to grant to a party that which he does not claim. It is settled law that a plaintiff is bound by the case put forward in its Writ of Summons and so is an applicant bound by his prayers in his Motion. The Court too trying the action is bound by the plaintiff’s claim, however misconceived the claim may be.” Per Agbaje, JSC, in Ayanboye & Ors v. Balogun (1990) NLC-441989(SC) at pp. 29–30; Paras D–A.
CONVEYANCING — Void Deed — Claim for Declaration of Voidness vs. Setting Aside “Where a deed of conveyance is said to be void or voidable and the plaintiff seeks that it be declared void or voidable and he succeeds by evidence to establish that it is void, the court will declare it to be void without setting it aside, even though the plaintiff also prays that it be set aside. The principle that a deed or instrument said to be void will not be set aside as emphasised by this Court in the case of Tika Tore Press Ltd. & Ors v. Ajibade Abina & Ors (1973) 4 SC 63. Where a plaintiff seeks that something done or made be declared void and that it be set aside, it will only be declared void, if it is found to be void, but will not be set aside because there is nothing to set aside.” Per Akpata, JSC, in Ayanboye & Ors v. Balogun (1990) NLC-441989(SC) at pp. 15–16; Paras A–E.
LAND LAW — Family Property — Sale of Family Land Without Consent of Principal Members “A sale of family property which takes place without the consent of the principal members of the family and thus voidable, can be set aside at their instance. See Kwesi Manko & Ors v. Bonsu & Ors (1963) 3 WACA 62 and Yesufu Esan & Ors v. Bakare Fan & Anor (1947) 12 WACA 135. It is also implicit in the case of Adeleke Mogaji & Ors v. S.G. Nuga (1960) 5 FSC 107 (1960) SCNLR 219 that such a sale can be set aside.” Per Akpata, JSC, in Ayanboye & Ors v. Balogun (1990) NLC-441989(SC) at p. 18; Paras A–E.
LAND LAW — Trespass — Claim for Injunction Arising from Trespass “The claim for injunction arises from the claim for trespass. Since the plaintiff and those he represents have not sold the entire parcel of land allotted to them as a result of the partition carried out by the family, and they claim that the defendants have trespassed on the remaining portion in their possession, they are entitled to claim for an order of injunction to preserve their possessory title. In effect where a party claims to be the owner and that he is in possession of the disputed land or part thereof and he claims that his contesting opponent has trespassed on it or part thereof in his possession, a cause of action for a claim for an order of injunction is made out regardless of the fact that a survey plan showing the area in dispute, annexed to his statement of claim, not yet tendered in evidence, appears not to have pointedly identified the area actually trespassed upon.” Per Akpata, JSC, in Ayanboye & Ors v. Balogun (1990) NLC-441989(SC) at p. 22; Paras E–C.
LAND LAW — Trespass — Who May Maintain an Action for Trespass to Land “It is also the law that in order to maintain an action for damages for trespass to land the plaintiff must have a present possessory title to the land to which his claim for damages for trespass relates.” Per Akpata, JSC, in Ayanboye & Ors v. Balogun (1990) NLC-441989(SC) at p. 32; Paras E–A.
Obiter Dicta
The Court observed that the forms of action may have been buried but they still rule from their graves. A lawyer can still do his client a great deal of harm by advising a bad or inappropriate course of action. A total shipwreck can only be avoided if the inappropriate course of action can properly be amended to reflect the appropriate course of action.
The Court also noted that a judgment which is a nullity is a stillborn judgment; setting it aside amounts to burying it. Setting aside a judgment which is void is not the same thing as setting aside an instrument said to be void.
Orders of Court
- The appeal was dismissed.
- The judgment of the Court of Appeal (Ibadan Division) dated 26th February, 1987 was upheld.
- The suit was remitted to the High Court of Ogun State for a hearing on the merits.
- Costs were assessed at N500.00 in favour of the respondent.
APPEARANCES
Counsel for the Appellant(s)
Otunba A. Odedina
Counsel for the Respondent(s)
A.O. Olutunfese
Amicus Curiae
None
JUDGMENTS / OPINIONS OF THE COURT
Authoritative judicial text as delivered
Lead / Majority Opinion
— (DELIVERED BY EPHRAIM OMOROSE IBUKUN AKPATA, J.S.C. (DELIVERING THE LEADING JUDGMENT): )
It is inappropriate to ask
that a void deed of conveyance or transaction be set aside.
There is nothing to set aside because it does not
exist in law. This truism is confirmed in this appeal.
However, one of the issues which calls for a
decision is the legal position where a plaintiff seeks
that the deed or transaction be declared void or
voidable and also prays that it be set aside. Also for
determination is the legal effect of failure to
sufficiently denote in a survey plan filed along with
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the Statement of Claim the precise area of land
allegedly trespassed upon in an action for damages
for trespass and for an order of injunction.
By a Writ of Summons filed on 15th May, 1974 in
the High Court of Justice, Ijebu-Ode, over sixteen
years ago, Bisi Osho, the original plaintiff, on
behalf of himself and Bolu, Oreke, Meyiwa and Oke
sections of Ginija family, commenced an action
claiming against five defendants jointly and
severally
“1. Declaration that the deed dated 30/1/74
registered as No.23 at page 23 in Volume 1967 of
the Land Registry Ibadan, is void or voidable and
should be set aside.
- N500.00 being damages for trespass committed
to the land situate at Latogu, Ijebu Ode purported
to be conveyed by the first four defendants to the
5th defendant by the deed mentioned in (1) above.
- Injunction restraining the 2nd, 3rd 4th and 5th
defendants from committing further acts of trespass
upon the said land.
The original plaintiff died after he had instituted the
action. Ambali Bakare was substituted for him by
order of Court. The second defendant also died. The
action against him terminated and he was struck
out from the suit. The third, fourth and fifth
defendants were then renumbered second, third
and fourth defendants respectively. The claim for
injunction was therefore against the 2nd, 3rd and
4th defendants.
Pleadings were ordered, filed and exchanged. The
defendants raised by paragraph one of their
4
Statement of Defence a point of law that the
plaintiff’s claim as per the Writ of Summons and the
amended Statement of Claim disclosed no cause of
action and gave notice that they would urge the
Court to set the issue down for hearing before trial.
The point of law was accordingly set down for
hearing.
In his Statement of Claim the plaintiff averred that
the land in dispute was a portion of Ginija family
land which was partitioned in pursuance of the
decision reached by the family. He pleaded a
number of judgments in support of his contention
that it was family land. The portions allocated to
Bolu, Oreke, Meyiwa and Oke branches of the
family, on behalf of whom the plaintiff instituted
the action, constitute the area edged pink on plan
No.BPO 715, and portions allocated to the
remaining two branches, Potun and Otujoke, made
up the area edged yellow on the said plan.
Going by the Statement of Claim the 1st, 2nd and
3rd defendants, acting on behalf of Potun and
Otujoke sections, entered in 1972 the land edged
pink and laid out the portions thereof edged green
into building plots for sale to prospective buyers.”
The plaintiff went on to plead that the first three
defendants by “the deed sought to be nullified in
this case purported to convey to the 4th defendant
a portion of the land in dispute described in the
Plan No. JTO.6245 annexed to the said deed.” It was
also the case of the plaintiff, as pleaded, that “the
defendants have jointly and severally broken into
and entered the land in dispute and committed acts
5
of trespass by erecting buildings thereon to the
damage of the plaintiff.”
The plaintiff also filed a reply to the Statement of
Defence and averred amongst other things that he
had constructed two roads called Ajegunle and
Ginija roads on the land in dispute in exercise of
his right thereon, “and parts thereon also were sold
by the plaintiff to several persons before the
defendant made out a layout plan No.2/72 thereof.”
Three of the purchasers erected residential
buildings on the portion sold to them.
At the hearing of the points of law raised by the
defendants by their paragraph 1 of the Statement
of Defence, learned Counsel for the defendants
made the following points:
- Action seeking to set aside the deed of
conveyance was misconceived because the plaintiff
was not a party to the deed and therefore could not
seek to set it aside. The appropriate relief that
should be sought is that of a declaration of title.
- A void deed cannot be set aside as it had never
existed.
- Since trespass is an injury to possession and
there was no averment in the writ and the
statement of claim that the plaintiff was ever in
possession, he could not institute an action for
trespass. The plaintiff having sold could not be in
possession as the sale to certain persons took place
before the layout of the land by the defendants.
- The action for trespass is not maintainable
against the 1st, 2nd and 3rd defendants, they
having divested themselves of all rights on the
6
land.
- The action for injunction is for the same reason
not maintainable.
After learned Counsel for the plaintiff had made
his submissions in reply to the points canvassed by
learned Counsel for the defendants, the learned
trial Judge in a reserved ruling held that since by
his pleading the plaintiff claimed to have divested
himself of the right to possession by sale, and the
plaintiff had mentioned the names of those who
were in exclusive possession and enjoyment, an
action for damages for trespass was misconceived.
The trial Judge also noted that the plan filed by
plaintiff did not indicate areas sold to the various
purchasers so as to be able to determine the area
trespassed upon. The action for trespass was
accordingly struck out. The learned trial Judge was
also of the view that apart from the fact that the
Statement of Claim was not quite positive whether
the deed was void or voidable, a deed which is void,
that is which is a nullity ab initio and has never
had any existence in law cannot be set aside and
consequently, a claim for declaration that such a
deed be set aside is misconceived. The learned trial
Judge made the point that it is impossible to set
aside a deed which has no existence in law.
The learned trial Judge also agreed with learned
Counsel for the defendants that a person who is not
a party to a deed of conveyance cannot seek to set
it aside. With regard to the claim for injunction
against the 2nd and 3rd defendants, the learned
trial Judge also held that the action was
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misconceived since it was plain that the plaintiff
and the people he represented had divested
themselves of any right or title to deal further with
the parcel of land. Besides, reasoned the learned
trial Judge, if on the plaintiff showing he himself
had sold part of an unidentifiable portion of the
land in dispute it is inconceivable that the Court will
grant an order of injunction upon an area of land
which is not certain. The plaintiff did not show by a
distinctive colour within the area in dispute the
portions already sold by himself and what area
remains in his possession, if any.”
The learned trial Judge proceeded to dismiss the
claim for declaration and injunction as against the
1st, 2nd and 3rd defendants while the claim against
them for damages for trespass was struck out. The
claim against the 4th defendant for declaration was
also dismissed while the claim for damages for
trespass and injunction were struck out.
Against the ruling the plaintiff appealed to the
Court of Appeal, Ibadan Division. The arguments
before that Court were in the main as canvassed in
the High Court. In his reserved judgment
(concurred in by Omololu Thomas and
Sulu-Gambari. JJ.C.A.) Uche Omo, J.C.A., was of
the firm view that there was a cause of action
before the trial Judge on the first head of claim as
it was open to him to hold that the deed of
conveyance was either void or voidable without the
need to set it aside. He relied on the case of Chief
- O. Lahan & Ors v. R. Lajoyetan & Ors (1972) 1
All NLR (Pt.2) 217 which was also cited before the
8
trial court.
The learned Justices of the Court of Appeal were
also of the view that paragraphs 3 and 4 of the
reply of the plaintiff belied the conclusion by the
trial Judge that the plaintiff had divested himself of
the right to possession of the land by sale of same
to various persons. He pointed out that paragraph 4
unequivocally showed that only portions of the land
in dispute and not all of it had been sold to some
persons who had erected residential buildings
thereon. He therefore concluded that the plaintiff
remained in possession of the rest of the land in
dispute, not disposed of by him and that he can sue
for trespass in respect of a breach of his right of
possession or actual possession, by any unlawful
entry on the land.
It was also held that since there were portions of
the land still in possession of the plaintiff he was
entitled to seek an order of injunction to protect
the land from further damage in future. As all the
grounds of appeal therefore succeeded, the ruling of
the trial court was set aside. The suit was remitted
to the High Court of Ogun State for a hearing on
the merits. The costs of the hearing in the trial
Court and in the Appeal Court were assessed at
N100.00 and N800.00 respectively in favour of the
plaintiff.
The defendants have now come to this Court as
aggrieved persons complaining against the decision
of the Court of Appeal. Six grounds of appeal were
filed. One of them is that the costs awarded against
the defendants are “excessive, unwarranted and
9
contrary to a judicial discretion relating to the
award of costs.”
I do not consider it necessary at this stage, if at all,
to set out the grounds of appeal. Anyone of them or
portion thereof will be adverted to should the need
arise. The five issues as identified in the appellants’
brief in respect of the six grounds of appeal read
thus:
“1. Can the plaintiffs/respondents who are not
parties to the deed of conveyance between the first
to the third defendants dated the 30th January,
1974 and registered as No.23 at page 23 in Volume
1567 not transferring any interest of the plaintiff or
his family, but executed by the defendants in their
own right ask that such document be set aside
because it is void or voidable?
- Whether the plaintiffs/respondents who pleaded
sale of several portions of the land in dispute and
failing to denote such essential facts in his (sic)
pleadings could have a cause of action in trespass
in respect of the whole land not in plaintiffs’
possession. Trespass being an injury to possession.
- That the requirement that plaintiff should have
identified and denoted the unsold portion of the
land in dispute was a rule of pleading being a
material fact essential to give plaintiff a cause of
action.
- That another issue for determination is whether
the Court could assume by any implication that
there was still portion of the land in dispute which
could give the plaintiffs a cause of action in
trespass, the plaintiffs having pleaded that they
10
have sold several portions to people who have built
on the land sold to them and are living in such
houses.
- That the costs of N800.00 awarded against the
defendant by the Court of Appeal is excessive.”
I find that the first issue as formulated is somewhat
misleading. The question is not whether the
plaintiff could ask that the deed be set aside but
whether the court could grant the declaration that
the deed was void or voidable in the light of the
writ and Statement of Claim whether or not the
plaintiff was competent to pray that it be set aside.
After setting out the issues reproduced above,
learned Counsel proceeded in the appellants’ brief
filed by him to base his arguments specifically on
the grounds of appeal, and not on the issues raised,
thus rendering purposeless the object of
formulating in the brief issues for determination in
the appeal. While a party is at liberty to relate an
issue to the relevant ground or grounds of appeal
from which it arises, his arguments in the brief are
to be canvassed on the basis of the issues
formulated.
In proffering arguments in respect of an issue, the
complaints in the relevant ground or grounds will of
necessity be projected if the issue is correctly
identified. I find that the respondent’s Counsel fell
into the same error by basing his arguments on the
grounds of appeal.
In the respondent’s brief, three issues were
formulated in respect of the six grounds of appeal.
The third issue, which in fact is not an issue, but an
11
objection states that “the issue of costs of N800.00
awarded against the defendants by the Court of
Appeal is not tenable in law because the leave of
the Court of Appeal was not obtained under Section
220(2)(c) of the 1979 Constitution.”
What this appeal boils down to broadly is whether
the Court of Appeal was right in holding that the
writ of summons and the statement of claim
disclosed a cause of action which merited a trial on
the merits. Having regard to what I said about
issue one formulated by the appellants, I find the
respondent’s first issue more acceptable. As already
pointed out, the Court of Appeal held, following the
Lahan’s case (supra), that it was open to the trial
court on proper evidence being adduced to hold
that the deed of conveyance was either void or
voidable without the need to set it aside. It is thus
necessary to examine Lahan’s case and other cases
relevant to the issue to see how they can affect the
fortune of this appeal.
I will like to begin with Bello Foko & Ors v.
Oladokun Foko & Ors (1968) NMLR 441 relied
upon by the appellants and the trial Court. In that
case the plaintiffs sought against the defendants an
order of Court setting aside the sales of certain
parcels of land. No order of declaration that the
sales were void or voidable was claimed. In his
ruling, following a preliminary objection to the
action. Aguda, J.. held that since on the facts
alleged by the plaintiffs in their Statement of Claim
that the sales by 1st to 12th defendants to the 13th
to 16th defendants were made without the
12
authority, consent, concurrence and acquiescence
of the head of the family and principal members of
the family and were therefore absolutely void, the
plaintiffs’ claim for the setting aside of the sales
could not succeed as there would be nothing to set
aside.
The learned trial Judge went further to observe
that it appeared somewhat novel that a party could
seek for the cancellation of a deed of conveyance
executed between two other persons and a deed to
which he was not a party as an alternative method
of seeking a declaration that the land purportedly
conveyed by the deed belonged to him. The learned
trial Judge was saying in effect that a person who is
not a party to a deed of conveyance executed
between two other persons is not competent to
seek that the deed be set aside.
In Abiodun (Bailiff Ondo) & Ors v. Chief Kogun
Adehin (1962) 1 All N.L.R. 550; the plaintiff
brought an action against the defendants to set
aside a sale of plaintiff’s farm land allegedly
wrongly attached by the first defendant, a bailiff, as
the second and third defendants had obtained a
judgment against one Akinnubi. In execution of the
judgment the first defendant, on the instruction of
the second and third defendants, attached a parcel
of land which was pointed out by them to him as
the property of Akinnubi. The land was therefore
sold by the first defendant to the fourth defendant.
The plaintiff claimed that the land sold belonged to
him and that Akinnubi only had a mere right of
occupancy. Judgment was entered for the plaintiff
13
and the sale was set aside.
On appeal to this Court, then known as the Federal
Supreme Court, it was held that when an action is
brought to set aside a sale of land, it is postulated
by such claim that the sale attacked is prima facie
valid, and would remain effective if not set aside.
Such remedy is not appropriate where the claim is
that no valid sale had taken place. The view was
also expressed that the proper remedy available to
the claimant is an action for declaration of title and
or damages for trespass against the purported
purchaser, depending on what steps the purchaser
had taken to give effect to the purchase.
Before I turn attention to Lahan’s case it is
pertinent to note that unlike in Foko v. Foko (supra)
and in Abiodun v. Adehin (supra) in the instant case
there is prayer, apart from the prayer for setting
aside the deed, that the deed of conveyance be
declared void or voidable. It is thus patently clear
that Foko v. Foko and Abiodun v. Adehin render
only the prayer “to set aside the deed”
inappropriate and not the relief for declaring it void
or voidable.
Now, in Lahan’s case the plaintiff sued the
defendant for:
(a) An order of court setting aside a deed of
conveyance made between the first to eight
defendants on the one part and the ninth and tenth
defendants on the other part because it was made
without the consent of the head and principal
members of the Tubosun family;
(b) Injunction restraining the defendants from
14
entering the land or any way dealing with the land
described in the deed of conveyance;
(c) Damages from the ninth and tenth defendants
for trespass.
In the Statement of Claim, which obviously
superceded the Writ of Summons, the plaintiffs
added an additional and subsequent relief that “the
said conveyance should be set aside and declared
null and void.”
In his judgment, the trial Judge in that case held
that the sale and the deed of conveyance were
void. He then said that “rather than set it aside,
since it is a nullity I would merely declare it void.”
He also granted the injunction sought and awarded
damages for trespass against the ninth and tenth
defendants. On appeal to the then Western State
Court of Appeal, it was held that the action was
misconceived and that the learned trial Judge
having found that the deed of conveyance Exhibit
..A” was void ought to have dismissed that leg of
the action asking for Exhibit “A” to be set aside.
The entire claim of the plaintiff were dismissed by
that Court of Appeal.
On plaintiff appealing to this Court the judgment of
the trial Court was restored on the basis that the
claim in the Writ of Summons that the conveyance
in question “be set aside” should be taken to have
been amended by the additional claim in the
statement of claim that the conveyance “be
declared null and void.” It was held that it was not
an error in law for the trial Judge, after finding that
the conveyance was void, to have granted the
15
declaration instead of dismissing as misconceived
the claim to set aside the conveyance.
It can be seen that Lahan’s case is virtually on all
fours with this case in respect of the reliefs
claimed. In effect where a deed of conveyance is
said to be void or voidable and the plaintiff seeks
that it be declared void or voidable and he succeeds
by evidence to establish that it is void, the court
will declare it to be void without setting it aside,
even though the plaintiff also prays that it be set
aside.
The principle that a deed or instrument said to be
void will not be set aside as emphasised by this
Court in the case of Tika Tore Press Ltd. & Ors v.
Ajibade Abina & Ors (1973) 4 S.C. 63. The case
also underlines the fact that where a plaintiff seeks
that something done or made be declared void and
that it be set aside, it will only be declared void, if
it is found to be void, but will not be set aside
because there is nothing to set aside.
The question which called for a decision in that case
was whether allotments made by the directors of the
company were ultra vires the directors and therefore
void. The plaintiff sought that the allotments be declared
“void and of no effect and should be set aside.” The
trial Court declared the allotment void. On appeal
by the defendants, this court, per G.B.A. Coker.
J.S.C., in allowing the appeal, held that the
allotments were not void. At page 71, and this is
relevant to this appeal, it was observed:
“It is not right to ask for the setting aside of a
transaction which is claimed is void for ex nihilo
16
nihil venit so that if at the end of the trial it is
found that the transaction complained about is
void, a declaration to that effect might issue, but it
is then not right thereafter to make an order to set
it aside.”
This authority settles the main issue in this appeal.
It is inappropriate to set aside what is void. It is
however pertinent for me to say that I once
expressed the view that “a judgment (not a deed of
conveyance or an instrument) which is a nullity is a
still born judgment, setting it aside amounts to
burying it” (See O. A. Oshundahunsi v OGT. Group
of Companies Ltd. CA/L/19/85 delivered on
11/11/87 unreported). Setting aside a judgment
which is void is not the same thing as setting aside
an instrument said to be void.
Learned Counsel for the defendants/appellants argued
that in Lahan’s case unlike in the present case the
subject matter of the conveyance in issue was the
unpartitioned land of the plaintiff’s family which
required the consent of the head of the family before
any portion of it could be sold. He submitted that
since in this case the plaintiff by paragraph 3 of the
amended Statement of Claim averred that the land
of the Ginija family had been partitioned and
therefore the consent of the head of the family or
principal members of that family was no longer
necessary, the conveyance could not be void or
voidable. Paragraph 3 reads:
“The land in dispute is a portion of Ginija family
land which was partitioned in pursuance of the
decision of the family some years ago.”
17
With due respect, learned Counsel for the
appellants seemed not to appreciate the claim of
the plaintiff. Paragraph three should not be taken
in isolation and out of context. It should be read
along with other relevant paragraphs. It is the case
for the plaintiff as averred in the amended
Statement of Claim that following the partition of
the family land the defendants trespassed into
portions allotted to the four sections of the family
represented by the plaintiff and that the deed of
conveyance executed in favour of the fourth
defendant by the first, second and third defendants
who are not members of any of the four sections of
the family was void or voidable and should be set
aside on the principle of nemo dat quod non habet.
It behoves a trial Court, for purposes of deciding
whether there is a cause of action, to accept the
averments in the plaintiff’s Statement of Claim as
against those in the Statement of Defence. It is the
entire set of circumstances as disclosed in the
plaintiff’s statement of claim, and not just a part of
the circumstances stated therein, which give rise to
a right to sue for a particular relief or reliefs.
It was also canvassed in the argument for the
appellants that the plaintiff not being a party to the
deed of conveyance, could not seek to have it set
aside. There is no doubt that generally an action for
a declaration that a deed be set aside because it is
voidable is appropriate in cases where mistake,
misrepresentation, undue influence or fraud can
properly be pleaded, and that in such a case the
remedy would be open only to the parties to the
18
deed of conveyance or to the persons claiming
through or under them.
The position however, and as rightly submitted by
Mr. Olutunfese, learned Counsel for the respondent,
is that a sale of family property which takes place
without the consent of the principal members of the
family and thus voidable, can be set aside at their
instance. See Kwesi Manko & Ors v. Bonsu & Ors
(1963) 3 W.A.C.A.62 and Yesufu Esan & Ors v.
Bakare Fan & Anor (1947) 12 W.A.C.A.135. It is
also implicit in the case of Adeleke Mogaji & Ors v.
S.G. Nuga (1960) 5 F.S.C.107 (1960) SCNLR 219
that such a sale can be set aside. In that case at
page 110 Ademola. C.J.F. concluded thus:
“Now. if the respondent’s title was voidable at the
instance of the other members of the family who
were not parties to the sale and knew about it, they
must avail themselves of their right timeously. I am
of the view that it was late for them to exercise
rights to set aside the sale not having done
anything for ten years” (Italics for emphasis).
It was therefore premature, without receiving
evidence, for the learned trial Judge to dismiss
off-hand the first leg of the plaintiff’s claim.
The next issue is whether the plaintiff having
pleaded that portions of the land allotted to the
four sections of the family had been sold could have
a cause of action in trespass against any of the
defendants. As the Court of Appeal rightly observed
paragraphs 3 and 4 of the plaintiff’s reply made it
plain that the plaintiff and those he represents
have not divested themselves of the right to
19
possession of all the portions of the land since Not
all the portions of the land had been sold. The
plaintiff can therefore sue in respect of the portions
not sold.
Mr. Odedina for the defendants/appellants
submitted that the Court of Appeal misconceived
the findings of the trial court and the reasoning for
its decision. He pointed out that what the learned
trial Judge held was that since the plaintiff averred
in his pleading that he had sold portions of the land
in dispute and had failed to denote by the pleading
which area of the land in dispute had not been sold
by him and which area remained vested in him, his
writ and Statement of Claim failed to contain
material facts to disclose a cause of action. Learned
counsel also stressed that the learned trial Judge
did not say that the plaintiff had sold ALL the land
nor did he base his decision on the reasoning
credited to him by the Court of Appeal.
I do not agree that the Court of Appeal in any way
alluded that the trial Judge held that the plaintiff
had sold all the land. The Court of Appeal was
saying in effect that since the plaintiff had not sold
all the land, as rightly held by the trial Judge, it
was wrong for him to say that the plaintiff could not
maintain an action for trespass. The Court of
Appeal also went on to say at page 197 of the
record as follows:
“It is also quite wrong for the trial Judge to proceed
to decide, on a preliminary point, to wit, that no
cause of action has been disclosed by the writ, that
the area in respect of which the injunction is
20
sought is at best uncertain because it has not been
distinctly identified by colouring on the plan filed
with the Statement of Claim. This is because such
conclusion can only be arrived at after evidence has
been led by the parties. The plan filed by appellant
would normally be tendered through the licensed
surveyor who prepared it, and who would testify on
the plan. Until this is done and the plan is then
properly admitted in evidence, such observations as
the trial Judge embarked upon also verge on the
border of speculation.”
It is thus plain that the Court of Appeal clearly
understood the reasoning of the trial Judge but
only faulted it. It seems to me premature for the
learned trial Judge to have proceeded to interpret
the contents of a controversial survey plan filed
with the Statement of Claim which had not been
tendered in evidence and when he had not had the
benefit of the evidence of the licensed surveyor
who prepared it. It is true as submitted by learned
Counsel for the defendants that plans are part of
the pleading. The plan in this case is a material fact
which was pleaded. The defendants were at liberty,
if they so wish, to ask for further and better
particulars. The plaintiff should not have been shut
out from adducing evidence in support of the plan
pleaded.
It should also be borne in mind that even failure to
file a plan along with the Statement of Claim is not
sufficient by itself to defeat the claim of the
plaintiff. Indeed in some land matters, though
exceptional, tendering of a plan to establish the
21
area in dispute may not be essential to a proper
trial and for the plaintiff to succeed in an action for
trespass and injunction. As stated by this Court in
the case of Chief Daniel Ibuluya & Ors v. Tom
Dikibo & Ors (1976) 6 S.C.97 at page 107.
“If the parties to an action in respect of land in
dispute know precisely what area is in dispute and
the boundaries of that area ‘on the ground’ a plan
is not an absolute necessity for successfully
maintaining an action for trespass and in respect of
that area.”
See Chief Sokpui v. Chief Agbozo (1951) 13
W.A.C.A.241 at page 242.
That being so, it would seem plain that lack of
sufficient denotations on a plan annexed or
attached to a Statement of Claim would not render
the action unmaintainable. This is not to say that it
is not desirable for the plan attached to a
Statement of Claim to be sufficiently denoted to
reflect the averments in the Statement of Claim.
Indeed as Oputa, J.S.C., clearly expressed in his
supporting judgment in Safuratu Salami & Ors v.
Sunmonu Oke (1987) 4 N.W.L.R. (Part 63) 1 at
page 17 it is important to note here that the
written description of the land in the pleadings of
the parties should be in complete accord with the
plan or plans filed along with those pleadings.” This
is not saying that if a plan is not sufficiently in
accord with pleadings there would be no cause of
action that can go to trial.
At paragraph 2 of the amended Statement of Claim,
the plaintiff pleaded that “the land in dispute is
situate at Latogun village……. and more particularly
22
described on the plan No.BPD.715 Annexed to the
original Statement of Claim and is thereon shown
edged green.” In pleading acts of ownership, the
plaintiff averred at paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 of the
reply that he had constructed two roads on the land
in dispute and that portions had been sold to them
before the defendants made a layout plan of the
land in dispute. By paragraph 12 of the Statement
of Claim the plaintiff pleaded that the first three
defendants purported to convey to the fourth
defendant a portion of the land in dispute.
If these averments are correct, and they should be
presumed to be so, the Court of Appeal seemed to
me to have correctly appraised them in holding that
a cause of action for trespass was made out.
The claim for injunction arises from the claim for
trespass. Since the plaintiff and those he
represents have not sold the entire parcel of land
allotted to them as a result of the partition carried
out by the family, and they claim that the
defendants have trespassed on the remaining
portion in their possession, they are entitled to
claim for an order of injunction to preserve their
possessory title. In effect where a party claims to
be the owner and that he is in possession of the
disputed land or part thereof and he claims that his
contesting opponent has trespassed on it or part
thereof in his possession, a cause of action for a
claim for an order of injunction is made out
regardless of the fact that a survey plan showing
the area in dispute, annexed to his statement of
claim, not yet tendered in evidence, appears not to
23
have pointedly identified the area actually
trespassed upon. Whether the plaintiff would
succeed would largely depend on the evidence
adduced at the trial by him and his witnesses,
including the licensed surveyor who prepared the
plan.
The only issue which I have not treated is that
relating to the award of N800.00 as costs which the
appellants regard as excessive and unwarranted.
Learned Counsel for the respondent submitted that
this ground of appeal which is ground 6, was not
competent as the appellants did not obtain leave of
the Court of Appeal as required by Section
220(2)(c) of the 1979 Constitution. Section
220(2)(c) states that there is no right of appeal
“without leave of a High Court or the Court of
Appeal from a decision of the High Court made with
the consent of the parties or as to costs only.”
It can be seen that the said Section 220(2)(c)
relates to appeal from the High Court to the Court
of Appeal and not in respect of an appeal against
the decision of the Court of Appeal. Besides, the
provision that an appeal shall not lie “as to costs
only” unless with leave, is that an appeal which is
based solely on the complaint as to the costs
awarded shall not lie unless with leave. Sections
220(2)(c) is therefore inapplicable.
However ground 6 is definitely of mixed law and
fact which requires the leave of the Court of Appeal
or this Court. The ground and the particulars
supplied put it beyond doubt that it is of mixed law
and fact. Ground 6 reads:
24
“6. The costs awarded against the defendants by
the Court of Appeal were excessive, unwarranted
and contrary to a judicial discretion relating to the
award of costs.
PARTICULARS
(i) The length of hearing of the appeal and the
amount of preparatory work involved in it did not
justify the quantum of the award.
(ii) The Court of Appeal ignored the quantum of the
award by the High Court, which might have offered
it a persuasive guide as to the appropriate costs
awardable for the proceedings at the High Court
level.”
It is a question of fact whether a thing is excessive
or unwarranted. The length of time taken to argue
an appeal is also a question of fact. So also the
amount of preparatory work involved in the appeal.
I find that the appellants sought leave from the
Court of Appeal in respect of ground 2 only which
they regarded as the only ground of mixed law and
fact, and that the Court of Appeal also granted
leave only in respect of ground 2. This is apparent
at pages 226 to 227 of the record of appeal.
Ground 6 is therefore incompetent. It is therefore
struck out.
In sum, I hold that the appeal fails in its entirety,
the judgment of the Court of Appeal (Ibadan
Division) dated 26th February, 1987 is upheld. The
appeal is accordingly dismissed. I assess the costs
of this appeal at N500.00 in favour of the
respondent.
25
Concurring Opinion(s)
— MUHAMMADU LAWAL UWAIS, J.S.C.:
I
have had the opportunity of
reading in draft the judgment read by my learned
brother, Akpata, J.S.C. I entirely agree with the
judgment. Consequently the appeal fails and it is
hereby dismissed with N500.00 costs to the
respondent. The decision of the Court of Appeal is
hereby confirmed.
— SAIDU KAWU, J.S.C.:
I have had the privilege of
reading in draft the lead judgment of my learned
brother, Akpata, J .S.c. which has just been delivered.
I am in complete agreement with him and for the
reasons stated in the said judgment, I too will
dismiss this appeal with N500.00 costs awarded to
the respondent.
— SALIHU MODIBBO ALFA BELGORE, J.S.C.:
I read in advance the judgment
of my learned brother, Akpata, J.S.C. with which I
am in entire agreement. I have nothing more to
add and I adopt his reasoning and conclusions as
mine in dismissing this appeal.
— ABDUL GANIYU OLATUNJI AGBAJE, J.S.C.:
I have had the opportunity of
reading in draft the lead judgment of my learned
brother Akpata, J.S.C. I agree entirely with him
that the appellants appeal lacks merit and should
be dismissed. Because of the issues raised in this
appeal I will like to make the following short
contribution to the lead judgment.
One Bisi Osho, on behalf of himself and Bolu,
Orake, Meyiwa, and Oke Sections of Ginija family,
as plaintiff sued Sunmola Bale and four others as
26
defendants in an Ijebu Ode High Court of the High
Court of Justice of the then Western State of
Nigeria, claiming against them the following
reliefs:-
“1. Declaration that the deed dated 30/1/74
registered as No. 23 at page 23 in Volume 1567 of
the Lands Registry, Ibadan, is void or voidable and
should be set aside;
- N500.00 being general damages for trespass
committed to the land situate at Latogu, Ijebu-Ode
purported to be conveyed by the first four
defendants to the 5th defendant by the deed
mentioned in (1) above;
- Injunction restraining the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th
defendants from committing further acts of trespass
upon the said land.
Value of land in dispute N200.00.”
Pleadings were ordered, filed and exchanged. In the
course of the proceedings in the High Court, Bisi
Osho died. Pursuant to an application in that regard
and by an order dated 13/7/76 Ambali Bakare was
substituted for the deceased Bisi Osho. Also in the
course of the proceedings in the High Court the 2nd
defendant Asani Kehinde died. No one was
substituted for him. So the case in the High Court
was prosecuted by Ambali Bakare for himself and
on behalf of Bolu, Oreke, Meyiwa and Oke sections
of Ginija family against Sunmola Bale and 3 others,
that is Joseph Ayanboye, Zacheus Ojosipe and
Latifu Sadiku.
By paragraph 21 of the defendants’ amended
Statement of Defence it was pleaded as follows:-
27
“The defendants aver that the plaintiff’s claims as
per the Writ of Summons and or the Statement of
Claim disclose no causes of actions maintainable by
the plaintiffs against the defendants.”
Relevant to this plea of the defendants are the
following paragraphs of the plaintiff’s amended
Statement of Claim and their reply to the
defendants’ amended Statement of Defence. As to
the amended Statement of Claim:-
“10. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd defendants acting on
behalf of Potun and Otujoke sections and in
defiance of all the proceedings above pleaded
entered the land edged pink in 1972 and laid out
the portions edged green into building plots for sale
to prospective buyers.
- They also made a layout plan thereof which was
approved by the appropriate authorities.
- The first four defendants by the deed sought to
be nullified in this case purported to convey to the
5th defendant a portion of the land in dispute
described in the plan No. JFO 6245 annexed to the
said deed.”
As to the plaintiff’s reply to the amended Statement
of Defence:-
“3. The plaintiff states further that he has
constructed two roads called Ajegunle and Ginija
roads respectively on the land in dispute in exercise
of his right thereon.
- Portions thereof also were sold by the plaintiff to
several persons before the defendants made a
layout plan No. 2/72 thereof.
- Among the said persons are Mudasiru Olaitan
28
Buraimo, Lasisi Sanni, and Asumo Tijani each of
whom has erected and completed residential
buildings on his own portions and is having the use
and enjoyment as per his writ.”
So it has emerged from the plaintiff’s Statement of
Claim that the plaintiff was not a party to the deed
of conveyance dated 10th January, 1974 registered
as No. 23 at page 23 in Volume 1567 of the Land
Registry. Ibadan which he is asking the Court to
declare void or voidable and should be set aside. It
has also emerged from the plaintiffs pleadings that
the plaintiff has sold portions of the land in dispute
in respect of which he is suing the defendants for
damages for trespass to land. In effect the
defendants are contending that because of the
state of the plaintiff’s pleadings, as I have just
analysed it, the Statement of Claim has not
disclosed a cause of action as regards the claims of
the plaintiff against them.
The preliminary objection raised by the defendants
to the plaintiff’s claim against them, as per
paragraph 21 of the defendants’ Statement of
Defence, was initially set down for trial on 7/12/76.
However, for one reason or another arguments on
the preliminary issues were not taken until 29th
November, 1977 before Kolawole, J., as he then
was.
If I had thought that the preliminary issue involved
a mere matter of technicality which could not by
itself defeat the plaintiff’s claims and that the trial
Court could properly give judgment for the proper
relief or reliefs to which the plaintiff is entitled after
29
hearing the whole of the evidence in the case, I
would have said that the trial Court and the lower
Court were only making a mountain out of a mole
hill by considering in depth the defendants’
preliminary objection. But I do not think the
objection involved a mere matter of technicality. In
fact that is why I am making this contribution to
the lead judgment.
What Maitland said years ago is true today as it
was at the time he said it. He said:-
“The forms of action we have buried, but they still
rule us from their graves ….. A lawyer can still do
his client a great deal of harm by advising a bad or
inappropriate course of action, it is true he cannot
bring about a total shipwreck.”
I venture to say that a total shipwreck can only be
avoided if the inappropriate course of action can
properly be amended to reflect the appropriate
course of action.
It has been decided in this Court that a plaintiff is
not entitled to a relief not claimed by him, the
corollary to this being that a court has no power to
grant to a party that which he does not claim. See
N.H.O.S. v. Mumuni (1977) 2 S.C. 57; Akanni v.
Makanju (1978) 8 & 12 S.C.1 and Omoboriowo v.
Ajasin (1984) 1 SCNLR 108. It has been said in this
Court that it is settled law that a plaintiff is bound
by the case put forward in its Writ of Summons and
so is an applicant bound by his prayers in his
Motion. See Commissioner of Works Benue State v.
Devcon Development Consultants Ltd. (1988) 3
NWLR (Pt.83) 407 at 420 and A.C.B. Ltd. v.
30
Attorney General Northern Nigeria (1969) NMLR
- The Court too trying the action is bound by the
plaintiff’s claim, however misconceived the claim
may be. See The Government of Gongola State v.
Tukur (1989) 4 NWLR (Pt.117) 592 at 603.
It therefore appears clear to me that the
submission that the claim in an action is
misconceived is not one based on mere technicality
which the trial court can cure of its own volition by
substituting the right or correct claim for the
inappropriate relief in the light of the pleadings and
the evidence in the case. The submission my view
touches the jurisdiction or power of the court trying
the case.
It is for these reasons that I propose to examine
however at some length the preliminary objection
of Counsel for the defendants that the plaintiff’s
Statement of Claim discloses no cause of action
against them.
As I have said above, the plaintiff’s pleadings show
that he was not party to the deed of conveyance
which he is asking the court to deal as void or voidable
and which he is also asking the court to set aside.
It is also clear that the deed of conveyance was not
entered into by the vendors therein on his behalf.
As long ago as 7th May, 1949 the old West African
Court of Appeal has said in the case of Rufus
Adekunle Wright v. The Ahmadiya Movement in
Islam and Anor Case No.W.A.C.A.2886:-
“The appropriate relief in the case of a third party
in relation to the execution of a deed of conveyance
by which one party purports to convey the plaintiff’s
31
land to a second party, is not by way of the
equitable relief of cancellation of the deed but by a
declaration of title or where there has been
trespass an action for damages. It is only in an
action in which can properly be pleaded mistake,
misrepresentation or fraud, actual or constructive
that cancellation will be the appropriate and
effective remedy.”
The case of Foko v. Foko (1968) NMLR 441 is
authority for the proposition that where a
transaction is void, a claim for it to be set aside will
be misconceived. See on the same point the case of
Tikatore Press Ltd. & Ors v. Ajibade Abina & Ors
(1973) 4 S.C.63.
It is also the law that in order to maintain an action
for damages for trespass to land the plaintiff must
have a present possessory title to the land to which
his claim for damages for trespass relates . See Will
- Will 5 N.L.R.76 andAwooner Renner v. Annan &
Ors 2 WACA 258.
So, in the case in hand, if it can be shown that the
plaintiff was not a party to the deed of conveyance
which he is asking the court to set aside, or cancel
that claim would be misconceived. If it can be
shown that the transaction which the plaintiff is
asking the court to set aside is void the claim that
it be set aside would be misconceived too. And if it
is shown too that the plaintiff has no possessory
title to the land in respect of which he is making a
claim for damages for trespass to land that claim
will be misconceived. However, a claim for a
declaration that a transaction which is alleged to be
32
void is void, and not one that it be set aside, cannot
be said to be misconceived.
What remains for me to do now is to find out if, in
the light of what I have just said, the defendants’
objection to the plaintiff’s claim should have been
upheld, as the trial Court did, or refused as was the
judgment of the lower Court, the Court of Appeal,
Ibadan Division.
Evidently, as I have said above, the plaintiff was
not a party, on his own showing, to the deed of
conveyance which he is asking the Court to set
aside. So the claim by him to have it set aside will
be misconceived. But however there is an
alternative claim by the plaintiff for a declaration
that the said deed of conveyance should be
declared void on the ground that it is a nullity. That
claim because of what I have said above cannot be
said to be misconceived.
On the points I am just considering the plaintiff’s
claim (1) reads thus:-
“1. Declaration that the deed dated 30/1/74
registered as No.23 at page 23 in Volume 1567 of
the Lands Registry, Ibadan, is void or voidable and
should be set aside.”
To my mind it appears clear that the declaration
that the said deed of conveyance is void is distinct
and separate from the one for a declaration that
the said deed is voidable and should be set aside.
It is true that by paragraphs 4 and 5 of the
plaintiffs reply to the defendants’ amended
Statement of Defence he pleads that he has sold to
several persons several portions of the land in
33
dispute to which the claim for trespass to land
relates and that these persons have erected
residential buildings on those portions of land,
enjoying the use thereof. Coupled with this is
paragraph 3 of the plaintiff’s reply which pleads that
he has constructed two roads, called Ajegunle and
Ginija roads, on the land in dispute, in exercise of
his right of ownership over it.
The claim in respect of the claim for damages for
trespass against the defendants is pleaded thus in
paragraph 13 of the plaintiff’s Statement of Claim:-
“13. The defendants have jointly and severally
broken into and entered the land in dispute and
committed acts of trespass by erecting buildings
thereon to the damage of the plaintiff.”
It is evident that the claim for damages for trespass
is in respect of the portions of the land in dispute
on which the defendants have erected some
buildings and not in respect of the portions of that
land which the plaintiff said he had sold and have
been built upon. Paragraph 3 of the plaintiff’s reply
to the amended statement of defence shows quite
clearly too that the plaintiff has pleaded acts of
possession by him in respect of the land in dispute
from which the inference can be drawn that he has
present possessory title to the land in dispute, prior
to the trespass he complained of. It follows,
therefore, in my judgment, that the claim by the
plaintiff for damages for trespass in respect of the
land upon which the defendants have built is
maintainable by him against them.
As I have said the claim for damages for trespass is
34
not in respect of the portions of the land sold by
the plaintiff to the persons he referred to in his
reply. It may be said that the plaintiff has not
delineated the portions of the land upon which the
defendants trespassed on the plan he filed. It
appears to me that this will not defeat the plaintiff’s
claim for damages for trespass against the
defendants, the claim relates to the land upon
which the defendants have built which land is
known to the defendants. On this point I will refer
to the following passage in the judgment of Coker,
J., as he then was, in Kufeji v. Kogbe (1961) 1 All
N.L.R.113 at 115:-
“It is clear from the facts available at present that
there is no difficulty about the identity of the land
upon which this interim order is supposed to
operate. The Writ of Summons describes the land
generally and facts on the affidavit describe the
land not only generally but also as the land upon
which the defendant is at present erecting a
building. The maxim of the law is id certum est
quod certum reddi potest and I am satisfied that
the defendant knows or ought to know the land to
which this order which is now sought must be
attached.”
A plan of the whole of the land which the
plaintiff claims belongs to him and those he
represents in this action is pleaded. The trespass
complained of is to a portion of this land. In a case
of this nature, involving damages for trespass to
land and an injunction against further trespass,
title to the land in dispute is almost invariably put
35
in issue, as it is the case here going by the state of
the pleadings in it. See Kpomuglo v. Kodadja 2
W.A.C.A.24. Viewed in this light, the significance of
the plea by the plaintiff that he and those he
represent had sold portions of the land in dispute to
third parties, who had built houses on them lies in
the fact, as indeed it is the plaintiff’s case, that the
allegations are made for the purpose of asserting
their acts of ownership over the land. Such
averments cannot defeat the claim of the plaintiff
to title to the whole of the land in dispute. This is
made clear by the following passage in the
judgment of this court in Karimu v. Fajube (1968)
N.N.LR.151 at 152:-
“One argument for the defendant in his appeal to
the High Court was that the plan did not show the
precise land which the plaintiff was claiming, for it
included some portions of land which he had sold to
third parties and no longer owned. For the plaintiff
it was explained that those portions were included
only for the purpose of providing acts of ownership.
Doherty, J. accepted this explanation; he also
remarked that the whole area was in dispute and
the defendant knew it was the areas edged pink on
the plan. In effect the learned Judge was saying
this: the declaration affects the parties in the case,
and does not affect others, and so it may stand.
In the appeal before us, learned Counsel for the
defendant argued as before on this point. We do
not think it is a good ground for setting aside the
judgment of the trial Court when viewed only as a
judgment between the parties in the case.”
36
It is also settled law that where parties are on a
piece of land claiming possession of the land, the
possession being disputed, trespass will be at the
suit of that one who can show that title to the land
is in him. See again Awooner Renner v. J. E. Annan
(supra) 259.
So, in my judgment, the plea that the plaintiff’s
families had sold portions of the land in dispute and
no longer owned them cannot defeat their claim for
damages for trespass in respect of the unsold
portions of the land in dispute. I have shown that
the plaintiff’s pleadings show quite clearly that the
claim for damages for trespass to land relate not to
the portions of the land in dispute sold by the
plaintiff but to the unsold portions thereof.
Claim I by the plaintiff which as I have said above
is for-
“1. Declaration that the deed dated 30/1/74
registered as No.23 at page 23 in Volume 1567 of
the Land Registry, Ibadan, is void or voidable and
should be set aside;”
is severable.As to the claim for declaration that the
deed of conveyance in question is void it is good and
maintainable. As to the claim that the said deed of
conveyance is voidable and should be set aside it is
misconceived. However an order that the whole of
claim 1 is misconceived is wrong and cannot be
allowed to stand.
What the trial Court which heard arguments on the
preliminary objection should have done was for it
to have followed the guidance of this Court, in such
a situation, in Lahan & Ors v. Lajoyetan & Ors
37
(1972) 1 All N.LR. (Part 2) page 217(255). In that
case this Court held in that regard:-
“the claim in the present writ of summons that the
conveyance in question “be set aside” may be taken
to have been amended by the additional claim in
the Statement of Claim that the conveyance “be
declared null and void”, and it is not an error in law
for the trial Judge, after finding that the
conveyance is void, to have granted the declaration
instead of dismissing as misconceived the claim to
set aside the conveyance.”
For the foregoing reasons and in addition to the
fuller reasons given in the lead judgment of my
learned brother, Akpata, J.S.C. I am satisfied that
the trial Court was wrong in holding that the
plaintiff’s pleadings disclosed no cause of action
against the defendants and that the Court of
Appeal, Ibadan Division, was right in overturning
that decision of the trial Court. In the result I too
dismiss the appellants’ appeal with costs as
assessed in the lead judgment.
Appeal dismissed.
38
Dissenting Opinion(s)
None
REFERENCES
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Referenced Judgments
Abiodun (Bailiff Ondo) & Ors v. Chief Kogun Adehin (1962) 1 All NLR 550.
A.C.B. Ltd. v. Attorney General Northern Nigeria (1969) NMLR 231.
Adekunle Wright v. The Ahmadiya Movement in Islam and Anor (1949) Case No. WACA 2886.
Adeleke Mogaji & Ors v. S.G. Nuga (1960) 5 FSC 107; (1960) SCNLR 219.
Akanni v. Makanju (1978) 8 & 12 SC 1.
Awooner Renner v. Annan & Ors (1935) 2 WACA 258.
Chief Daniel Ibuluya & Ors v. Tom Dikibo & Ors (1976) 6 SC 97 at 107.
Chief J.O. Lahan & Ors v. R. Lajoyetan & Ors (1972) 1 All NLR (Pt. 2) 217.
Chief Sokpui v. Chief Agbozo (1951) 13 WACA 241 at 242.
Commissioner of Works Benue State v. Devcon Development Consultants Ltd. (1988) 3 NWLR (Pt. 83) 407 at 420.
Foko v. Foko (1968) NMLR 441.
Government of Gongola State v. Tukur (1989) 4 NWLR (Pt. 117) 592 at 603.
Karimu v. Fajube (1968) NNLR 151 at 152.
Kpomuglo v. Kodadja (1935) 2 WACA 24.
Kufeji v. Kogbe (1961) 1 All NLR 113 at 115.
Kwesi Manko & Ors v. Bonsu & Ors (1963) 3 WACA 62.
N.H.O.S. v. Mumuni (1977) 2 SC 57.
O.A. Oshundahunsi v. OGT. Group of Companies Ltd. CA/L/19/85 (unreported).
Omoboriowo v. Ajasin (1984) 1 SCNLR 108.
Rufus Adekunle Wright v. The Ahmadiya Movement in Islam and Anor (1949) Case No. WACA 2886.
Safuratu Salami & Ors v. Sunmonu Oke (1987) 4 NWLR (Pt. 63) 1 at 17.
Tika Tore Press Ltd. & Ors v. Ajibade Abina & Ors (1973) 4 SC 63.
Will v. Will (1925) 5 NLR 76.
Yesufu Esan & Ors v. Bakare Fan & Anor (1947) 12 WACA 135.
Referenced Statutes
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1979, Section 220(2)(c).