CASE IDENTIFICATION
EDITORIAL SUMMARY
Editorial — not part of the judgment as delivered
Facts of the Case
The appellant, a chartered surveyor, estate agent, and valuer, was employed by the respondent in his firm, Odudu & Co., at Ilorin. Between 1977 and 1979, the appellant rose from assistant estate manager to senior estate surveyor through a series of promotions. On 13 August 1979, the respondent terminated the appellant’s appointment. Following the termination, the respondent wrote a circular letter titled “DISCLAIMER” dated 15 August 1979, addressed to all practising estate surveyors in Ilorin and other establishments, stating that the appellant’s appointment had been “terminated for professional misconduct.” The disclaimer was also published in the Nigerian Herald newspaper.
The appellant instituted an action at the High Court of Kwara State claiming N70,000.00 as general damages for libel. The respondent pleaded justification and qualified privilege. After trial, the learned trial Judge found for the appellant and awarded N10,000.00 in damages. The respondent appealed to the Court of Appeal, which set aside the trial court’s judgment and dismissed the claim. The appellant further appealed to the Supreme Court.
Issues for Determination
ISSUE 1: Whether the defence of qualified privilege can avail the respondent herein.
ISSUE 2: Whether in order to establish malice the appellant ought to have filed a reply (to the statement of defence) when (a) it was held by both the High Court and the Court of Appeal that the appellant did not commit any professional misconduct; (b) it was shown that the DISCLAIMER (Exhibit 7) is false.
ISSUE 3: Whether the failure of the appellant to file a reply giving particulars of malice in fact was raised before the Court of Appeal and if raised, whether it was fatal to his case when from the circumstances of this case, malice could and was actually inferred by operation of law.
Decision / Holding
The Supreme Court allowed the appeal, set aside the judgment of the Court of Appeal, and restored the judgment of the High Court. The Court held that the defence of qualified privilege was not made out because there was no reciprocity of interest between the maker of the statement and the persons to whom it was made, and the facts relied upon were not true. The Court further held that the duty to file a reply alleging express malice arises only when the defence of qualified privilege has been made out, not merely because it has been filed, and that since the respondent failed to make out the defence, the appellant was not required to plead express malice.
Ratio Decidendi / Principles
COURT — Duty of Court — Not to Adjudicate on Matters Not Raised by Parties “A Court should adjudicate on matters or issues properly submitted by the parties and not on matters not raised by the parties. The Court in that circumstances will be making a case for the parties.” Per Olatawura, JSC, in Atoyebi & Anor v. Odudu (1990) NLC-2181988(SC) at p. 24; Paras B–C.
TORT LAW — Malice — When Belief or Non-Belief of Defendant Becomes Material “The law appears to be that it is only when the plaintiff has put a defendant’s intention in issue by serving a reply alleging express malice that the belief or non-belief of the defendant becomes material. Where the defence of qualified privilege or fair comment is pleaded, and the plaintiff has served a reply alleging express malice, the condition of mind of the defendant when he published the words is a matter directly in issue.” Per Nnaemeka-Agu, JSC, in Atoyebi & Anor v. Odudu (1990) NLC-2181988(SC) at pp. 31–32; Paras D–A.
TORT LAW — Qualified Privilege — Reciprocity of Interest as Essential Element “Reciprocity of interest is an essential element in the law of qualified privilege. The facts relied upon by the maker must be true; a mere belief will not sustain the defence.” Per Olatawura, JSC, in Atoyebi & Anor v. Odudu (1990) NLC-2181988(SC) at pp. 20–21; Paras E–C.
TORT LAW — Qualified Privilege — Belief in Truth of Statement Not a Defence Where Statement is False “A man in good faith may publish a libel believing it to be true and it may be found by the jury that he acted in good faith, believing it to be true, but in fact the statement was false. Under those circumstances he has no defence to the action however excellent his intention.” Per Olatawura, JSC, citing Lord Loreburn, LC in Hulton v. Jones (1910) AC 20 at 23–24, in Atoyebi & Anor v. Odudu (1990) NLC-2181988(SC) at p. 24; Paras D–E.
TORT LAW — Qualified Privilege — When Duty to File Reply Alleging Express Malice Arises “The need to deliver a reply to plead express malice arises not merely because a defendant has filed a defence of qualified privilege or fair comment. Rather, it arises because he has made out the defence. It is a matter of common sense that legal defences are never made out by a defendant merely filing his defence but by his calling cogent evidence in proof of the defence filed. It is always open to a plaintiff faced with a defence of qualified privilege to decide whether he can rely on the fact that the defence is not made out, in which case there is no need for his pleading express malice.” Per Nnaemeka-Agu, JSC, in Atoyebi & Anor v. Odudu (1990) NLC-2181988(SC) at pp. 29–31; Paras E–A.
Obiter Dicta
The Court observed that an allegation of professional misconduct implies an offence against the rules and practice of the particular profession. Such an allegation can only be sustained after due investigation in which the accused person is given an opportunity to defend himself. No person, not even a professional body, can be allowed to make such a grave accusation without due investigation. To ground such a grave accusation on reasonable belief of the person making the accusation is to give a licence to malign others.
The Court also noted that where a disclaimer is published, those who publish it should be cautious not to infringe on the rights of others. Where caution is thrown into the wind, recklessness is enthroned.
Orders of Court
The appeal succeeded.
The judgment of the Court of Appeal dated 27th January, 1987 was set aside.
The judgment of the High Court dated 4th September, 1981 was restored.
Costs in the Supreme Court were assessed at N500.00 in favour of the appellant.
Costs in the lower Court were assessed at N300.00 in favour of the appellant.
APPEARANCES
Counsel for the Appellant(s)
Wole Olanipekun, Esq.
Counsel for the Respondent(s)
D. Akin Akintoye, Esq.
Amicus Curiae
None
JUDGMENTS / OPINIONS OF THE COURT
Authoritative judicial text as delivered
Lead / Majority Opinion
— (DELIVERED BY OLAJIDE OLATAWURA, J.S.C. (DELIVERING THE LEADING JUDGMENT): )
When this appeal came before us on 9th July, 1990, I allowed the appeal and indicated that the reasons for allowing the appeal would be given today. I now give my reasons.
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The appellant who was the plaintiff sued the respondent, the defendant in the High Court of Kwara State, claiming the sum of Seventy Thousand Naira (N70,000.00) as special and general damages for “words falsely written and circulated at Ilorin in Kwara State of Nigeria in a circular dated 15th August, 1979 titled “DISCLAIMER” addressed to all practising estate surveyors in Ilorin by the defendant to the discredit of the plaintiff and which circular the defendant meant to and, which does in fact, refers (sic) to the plaintiff, as a result of which the plaintiff has been greatly injured in reputation, and has been brought into public scandal, ridicule and contempt.”
In his Statement of Claim dated 2nd day of January, 1980 and filed on 4th January, 1980 the plaintiff averred as follows:
“1. That plaintiff is a reputable chartered surveyor, estate agent and valuer and was formerly a senior estate surveyor and valuer with the defendant.
- The plaintiff resides at No.17 Yoruba Road, Ilorin.
- The defendant is also chartered surveyor, estate agent and valuer and the managing/senior partner of Odudu & Co., a firm of chartered surveyors carrying on business at 124, Ibrahim Taiwo Road, Ilorin.
- The plaintiff was employed by the defendant on 31st August, 1976 and he was with the defendant until 13th August, 1979.
- Between 31st August, 1976 and 13th August, 1979, the plaintiff rose from the post of an
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assistant estate manager to that of a senior estate
surveyor, that is from an annual salary of
N4,000.00 to that of N6,500.00, having been
promoted five times by the defendant for what the
defendant always described as the “plaintiff’s good
performance.”
- The plaintiff will rely on his promotion letter
of 31/8/76, 16/2/77, 24/8/77, 17/7/78
and 25/6/79 at the hearing of this suit.
On 17th March, 1978, the defendant promoted
plaintiff as associate member of his firm. The
promotion letter is hereby pleaded.
- By a letter dated 13th August, 1979
and signed by the defendant, the defendant
terminated the plaintiff’s employment without
notice and without giving the plaintiff an
opportunity to defend himself on the
unsubstantiated charges levelled against him
(plaintiff)
- By a circular dated 15th August, 1979, signed by
the defendant, title DISCLAIMER and to all estate
surveyors and some other people in and outside
Ilorin, the defendant falsely and maliciously wrote
and communicated to the said surveyors of and
concerning the plaintiff and of him in the way of his
occupation, the words following, that is to say.
“That is to inform you that the appointment of Mr.
- Atoyebi, who was in our employment until 13th
August, 1979, has been terminated for professional
misconduct. (italics ours) Any person transacting
business with him on our behalf does so at his or
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her own risk.” The plaintiff hereby pleads the said
circular.
- The said words, particularly terminated for
professional misconduct in their natural and
ordinary meaning meant and were understood to
mean:
(a) That the plaintiff, as a chartered estate surveyor
and valuer, was a dishonest and dishonourable
person who in the least should not be trusted as a
chartered estate surveyor and valuer.
(b) That the plaintiff is unfit and/or incompetent to
be trusted or employed to carry out any work as a
chartered estate surveyor.
(c) That the plaintiff, has abused the confidence
reposed in him by clients as a chartered estate
surveyor and valuer.
(d) That the plaintiff is a man of dubious character
who in the course of his professional calling has
grown to be a cheat, a dupe and/or a fraud.
(e) That the plaintiff was of a dissolute and
profligate character.
- Further or in the alternative, the said words
meant and were understood to mean:
(a) That the plaintiff, in the course of his
employment with the defendant was involved in
some dirty deeds and/or deals unbecoming of a
chartered estate surveyor and valuer.
(b) That the plaintiff has thrown overboard all the
rules and/or professional ethics guiding the
Institute of Chartered Surveyors and Valuers in
Nigeria.
(c) That the plaintiff should be treated with
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suspicion by both co-professionals and clients since
he is not a fit and proper person to be called a
chartered estate surveyor and valuer.
(d) That an embargo should be placed on the
plaintiff from operating or carrying out business as
a chartered estate surveyor and valuer in and
outside Ilorin since the plaintiff is a disgrace to the
profession of estate surveyors and valuers.
(e) That the plaintiff was unfit to associate with
respectable persons.
- The plaintiff will at the hearing of this suit rely
on the circular addressed to Messrs Opaleye & Co.,
dated 15th August, 1979 and signed by the
defendant.
- Furthermore, the plaintiff pleads another
memorandum dated 13th August, 1979 signed by
the defendant and addressed to one Mr. D.O.
Akinola, another estate surveyor in the
employment of the defendant.
- The defendant knew and believed the said
words to be false but he only wanted to damage the
plaintiffs reputation for some unsubstantiated and
flimsy excuses.
- The plaintiff will contend at the trial that
throughout his 3 years stay in the employment of
the defendant, he was never given any query
neither was he found wanting in the discharge of
his duties by the defendant.
- The said circular, particularly the words
terminated for professional misconduct were
calculated to and they did disparage the plaintiff in
his said profession as a chartered estate surveyor
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and valuer.
- In consequence of the said words, that is,
terminated for professional misconduct, the plaintiff
has been greatly injured in his credit, character and
reputation and in his said profession as a chartered
estate surveyor and valuer and he has been
brought into hatred, scandal, ridicule and contempt.
- WHEREUPON the plaintiff claims against the
defendant the sum of N70,000.00 being general
damages.”
In his amended Statement of Defence the defendant
averred as follows:
“1. The defendant will raise a preliminary objection
during the trial of this suit that the proper person
had not been sued.
- The defendant denies paragraph 1 of the
statement of claim and while the defendant will put
the plaintiff to its strictest proof during the trial of
this suit, the defendant will also contend that the
plaintiff has never been a member of the Royal
Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
- The defendant is not in a position to admit or
deny paragraph 2 of the statement of claim and will
put the plaintiff to its strict proof at the trial of this
suit.
- The defendant admits paragraph 3 of the
Statement of C laim only to the extent that the
defendant is a chartered surveyor, estate agent and
valuer as well as the managing/senior partner of
Odudu & Co. but the defendant denies that it
carries on business only at No. 124 Ibrahim Taiwo
Road, Ilorin. The defendant will prove at the trial of
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this suit that defendant carries on business also at
(a) 5, Beirut Road, Kano
(b) 15, Isheri Road, Ikeja, Lagos.
(c) 25 Akpakpava Street, Benin City.
- The defendant admits paragraph 4 of the
statement of claim.
- The defendant admits paragraph 5 of the
statement of claim only to the extent that the
plaintiffs salary was increased from N4,000.00 to
N6,500.00 between August, 1978 and August,
1979 but the defendant will contend at the trial of
this suit that increment of salary does not ipso
facto amount to promotion and the defendant will
put the plaintiff to its strictest proof at the trial of
this suit.
- The defendant is not in a position to admit or
deny paragraph 6 of the statement of claim and will
therefore put the plaintiff to its strictest proof at
the trial of this suit.
- The defendant denies paragraph 7 of the
statement of claim and will put the plaintiff to its
strict proof at the trial of this suit.
- The defendant admits paragraph 8 of the
statement of claim only to the extent that the
defendant wrote a letter to the plaintiff in which
the defendant terminated the plaintiff’s
appointment, but the defendant will contend at the
trial of this suit that the plaintiff’s appointment was
terminated as a result of misconduct.
The defendant will prove the misconduct of the
plaintiff through a letter written by Akinola to the
plaintiff dated 9.45 a.m. on 14/8/79 as well as all
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other malpractices by the plaintiff such as the
following which the defendant will rely on at the
trial of this suit.
“(i) Between June & July, 1979 the plaintiff met
one Mr. Seith Maiyekogbon of Alma Industrial and
Managing Consultant of 147 Ibrahim Taiwo Road,
Ilorin to canvass for jobs for himself personally
whereas the jobs should be for the defendant since
the plaintiff was at the material time in the
employment of the defendant.
(ii) The said Seith Maiyekogbon knowing that the
plaintiff was in the employment of the defendant at
the material time refused to give the jobs being
sought for from the said Seith Maiyekogbon by the
plaintiff and the said Seith Maiyekogbon later
reported the matter to the defendant.
(iii) As a result of the report lodged by the said
Seith Maiyekogbon to the defendant, the defendant
warned the plaintiff verbally but as the plaintiff did
not change his dishonest act, the defendant wrote a
letter to the plaintiff, terminating the plaintiff’s
appointment.
- The defendant admits paragraph 9 of the
statement of claim only to the extent that the
defendant wrote a circular dated 15/8/79 to the
estate surveyors and valuer in Ilorin but the
defendant denies that that letter was false or
malicious. The defendant will prove during the trial
of this suit that the company of estate surveyors in
Ilorin to whom the disclaimer was addressed have
interest in receiving such information as they
belong to the same Professional body with the
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plaintiff.
- The defendant denies paragraphs 10 (a-c) 11
(a)-(c) of the statement of claim and conversely,
the defendant will contend at the trial of this suit
that the words terminated for professional
misconduct – complained of
(a) Did not bear and were not understood to bear
and were not capable of bearing or being
understood to bear the alleged or any defamatory
meaning.
(b) The defendant was privileged as the person to
whom the words were communicated to and the
defendant have a common interest in the matter
since they belong to the same Professional body.
(c) The defendant was justified in communicating
the said words to the people to whom they were
communicated.
(d) The defendant wrote the words to protect his
interest and business.
- The defendant denies paragraphs 14, 15, 16,
and 17 of the statement of claim and will put the
plaintiff to their strictest proof.
- The defendant will also rely on the defences
raised in paragraph 11 of this statement of defence
for the defence of this paragraph.
- The defendant denies being liable to the
plaintiff in the sum of N70,000.00 as general
damages or in any sum whatsoever.
- The defendant prays this Honourable Court to
dismiss the plaintiff’s claim as being vexatious,
frivolous and an abuse of the court’s process.”
On 24th June, 1980 the learned Counsel for the
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defendant applied to withdraw paragraph 1 of the
amended statement of defence. It was accordingly
struck out.
From the pleadings and evidence led, there is not
much in dispute. Evidence was given in line with
the statement of claim filed. The plaintiff who is an
estate surveyor and valuer was originally employed
by the defendant on 31st August, 1976. He worked
for about 3 years until his appointment was
terminated on 13th August, 1979 by the defendant.
Between the date of the employment and the
termination of his appointment his salaries were
increased. On 25th June, 1979 he was promoted to
the post of senior estate surveyor and valuer.
Before his terminations of appointment he had no
query of any kind and in fact his last salary was
N6,500.00 per annum. After the termination of his
employment he started to look for job in the course
of which he approached one Mr. Opaleye for
employment. Mr. Opaleye was also formerly
employed by the defendant. He (Mr. Opaleye) had
earlier on left the defendant and set up his own
practice as an estate surveyor and valuer. It was
Mr. Opaleye that showed him a letter written by
the defendant headed “Disclaimer.” Mr. Opaleye
informed him that unless the circular letter headed
“Disclaimer” was withdrawn by the defendant, he
(Mr. Opaleye) would not employ him. He saw the
contents of the disclaimer which he said were
untrue and false. He could not go further to
approach any other person as he was ashamed of
the serious allegations of professional misconduct
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levelled against him by the defendant. Under cross-
examination he denied diverting the business
meant for the defendant to other persons. He was
sure that the disclaimer was sent to some of their
clients such as Alhaji Ojolowo, Maiye Engineering,
banks, companies and some. Ministries especially
Ministry of Lands and Housing. He called 3
witnesses: Mr. Opaleye a chartered surveyor who
tendered the circular letter titled “disclaimer” and
received in evidence as Exhibit 7, Mr. Benjamin
Dadson Olle another estate surveyor and valuer
who was the acting Chief lands officer Kwara State
and one Mr. Ezekiel Oladipo Toki a chartered estate
surveyor. All these witnesses were of the opinion
that the plaintiff’s reputation as a surveyor was
damaged as a result of the publication i.e. Exhibit
7.
The defendant gave evidence, he admitted
appointing the plaintiff as “an associate … He said
he trained him and paid him salary, and increments
at various times. It was towards the end of 1978 he
discovered he deteriorated in the performance of
his duty as a surveyor for he was no longer
devoting his time to the work in the office. He was
reported by some of their clients. He also found him
to be disloyal. As to whether he signed the
disclaimer i.e. Exhibit 7, the defendant said:
“I signed a letter of disclaimer because the plaintiff’s
appointment was terminated as a result of
professional malpractices. I felt it was my duty as a
senior member of the profession to inform my other
professional colleagues and a few of our key clients.
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I informed Messrs Toki, Atta & Co., E.O. Opaleye &
Co., and Messrs Lawrence and Moses all in Ilorin…I
sent the notice to my colleagues because the
plaintiff is dishonest to my company and my
colleagues have a common interest to protect the
integrity of the profession.
He called two witnesses; Matthew Odudu (the
defendant’s brother) and Seith Abel Maiyekogbon.
Both Counsel addressed the Court. After a
meticulous review of the evidence led and a
consideration of the submissions made, the learned
trial Judge, Gbadeyan J. found in favour of the
plaintiff and awarded him the sum of N10,000.00
as damages. It is against that judgment the
defendant appealed to the Court of Appeal.
The Court of Appeal, Kaduna Division, set aside the
judgment of the Court of first instance and
dismissed the claim. The plaintiff who is now the
appellant in this Court has appealed to this Court
and with the leave of the Court filed 5 amended
grounds of appeal. They read as follows:
(1) That the judgment is against the weight of
evidence.
(2) That the Court of Appeal erred in law and in
fact by holding that the respondent is covered ” by
the law of defamation relating to qualified
privilege” on the ground that the appellant “was
soliciting for valuation job of the nature D.W.2
normally passed to Odudu and Co.”
PARTICULARS OF ERROR
(i) The purported job which the appellant solicited
for with the D.W.2 was not meant for an estate
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surveyor.
(ii) The said job which the appellant purportedly
solicited for with D.W.2 was not given to the
respondent or that it was already completed
before the appellant purportedly went to D.W.2’s
office.
(iii) D.W.2 is not a client of the respondent.
(iv) Exhibit (7) on which the appellant’s complaint
relates was not copied to D.W.2 by the respondent.
(3) The Court of Appeal erred in law by holding that
the respondent the defence of qualified privilege.
WHEN:
(i) As between the respondent and his professional
colleagues to whom copies of Exhibit 7 were sent
to, they do not share any reciprocity of interest in
any action that destroys the career of another
colleague.
(ii) The respondent and the other people (beside
estate surveyors) to whom Exhibit 7 was copied do
not share any corresponding interest in the
profession of estate surveyors and valuers.
(iii) No report of the appellant’s purported
professional misconducts was lodged with the
Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers.
(4) The Court of Appeal misdirected itself in law by
holding (relying on Bakare & Another v. Alhaji Ado
Ibrahim (1973) 6 S.C. 205) that if counsel for the
appellant wanted to establish malice in fact he
ought to have filed a reply to that effect.
WHEN:
(a) It had inter alia held (per Akpata, J.C.A.) that “I
wish to state emphatically that I cannot hold as a
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fact that the respondent committed professional
misconduct.”
(b) It is shown on the pleadings and evidence that
the respondent sent copies of Exhibit 7 to some
individuals and institutions who are not estate
surveyors and the Court of Appeal agreed that this
might be evidence of malice.
(c) The publication being complained of, to wit,
Exhibit 7 is false and unjustified and the learned
trial Judge so found.
- d) InBakare v. Ibrahim supra the Supreme Court
held that if a publication is shown to be false,
malice is inferred by operation of law.
(e) After alleging that Exhibit 7 is false and/or
without any lawful excuse in both his statement of
claim and evidence, the appellant was not required
to file any reply to the statement of defence
alleging malice.
(5) The Court of Appeal erred in law and in fact
when it held as follows:
“The fact remains however that the appellant
honestly believed that the respondent committed
professional misconduct. It has not been disputed
that the appellant terminated the appointment of
the respondent for professional misconduct. The
respondent did not tender in evidence the letter
terminating his appointment for obvious reason.”
PARTICULARS OF ERRORS
(i) The only reason on record while the respondent
“believed” that the appellant committed
professional misconduct is traceable to the evidence
of D.W.2 and there are no good other reasons for
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his so believing.
(ii) Exhibit 7 was not communicated to D.W.2.
(iii) The other purported reason which made the
respondent believe that the appellant committed
professional misconduct, to wit, “Exhibit 02
rejected” was not, in the Court of Appeal’s opinion,
relevant to the respondent’s case.
(iv) Since the plaintiff/appellant was not suing for
termination of appointment, the letter terminating
his appointment was/is not relevant.
(v) In the alternative to sub paragraph iv supra the
onus was on the respondent to tender the
purported letter terminating the appellant’s
appointment for professional misconduct.”
The crucial issue in the appeal is whether the
disclaimer Exhibit 7 published by the respondent
was defamatory. Disclaimer in its ordinary
meaning means denial or renunciation. It is now
almost a daily publication in our National Dailies.
Published ordinarily in respect of anybody, it is to
show that the person should no longer be
associated with a particular office or his place of
work. The disclaimer i.e. Exhibit 7 reads:
“This is to inform you that the appointment of Mr.
- A. Atoyebi, who was in our employment until
13th August, 1979 has been terminated for
professional misconduct. Any person transacting
business with him on our behalf does so at his or
her own risk.”
The appellant had no quarrel with the simple fact of
termination of appointment, but was piqued by the
reason stated i.e. “for professional misconduct.” As
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said earlier he claimed the sum of N70,000.00 as
general damages for libel contained in the
disclaimer which was circulated not only to
members of his profession, it was also advertised in
one of the Nigerian Dailies-Nigerian Herald. The
respondent did not deny publishing Exhibit 7 but
pleaded and relied on qualified privilege. In his
address before the Court of trial the learned Counsel
who appeared for the defendant (the respondent in
this Court) and anchored his defences on:
“(1) The words complained of did not bear and were
not understood to bear and were not capable of
bearing or being understood to bear the alleged or
any defamatory meaning
(2) Justification to publish the words “professional
misconduct” complained of
(3) Qualified privilege.”
The trial Court made some findings of fact which
have not been attacked on appeal. In fact the lower
Court came to the same conclusions on these
findings. The lower Court as per Akpata, J.C.A. (as
he then was) in his lead judgment said:
“This appeal turns mainly on the legal defence of
qualified privilege (sic) and the question of malice
in an action for libel.”
Having concluded that the defence was rightly
raised and proved, the lower Court did not, and
rightly too, consider the ground which dealt with
damages.
Briefs were filed. The appellant raised six issues but
three are germane to this appeal. They are:
“1. Whether the defence of qualified privilege can
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avail the respondent herein.
- Whether in order to establish malice the
appellant ought to have filed a reply (to the
statement of defence) when
(a) It was held by both the High Court and the
Court of Appeal that the appellant did not commit
any professional misconduct.
(b) It was shown that the DISCLAIMER (Exhibit 7)
is false.
- Whether the failure of the appellant to file a
reply giving particulars of malice in fact was raised
before the Court of Appeal and if raised, whether it
was fatal to his case when from the circumstances
of this case, malice could and was actually inferred
by operation of law.”
Closely connected with the above issues the
respondent raised issues which are almost similar:
“1. Whether the defence of qualified privilege can
avail the respondent herein.
- Whether the appellant ought to have filed a
reply in order to establish malice.
- Whether the failure to file a reply by the
appellant and giving particulars of malice in fact
was raised at the Court of Appeal, and if raised it
was fatal to appellant’s case when malice in law has
been inferred by the trial court.”
I will point out before the consideration of these
issues that Exhibit D2 rejected by the learned trial
Judge was ruled by the lower court to have been
wrongly rejected. Exhibit D2 now forms part of the
record of the appeal. It would however appear,
notwithstanding its admission, not to have much
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bearing on the case or if it does its evidential value
is minimal because the lower Court said:
“The appellant stated in his evidence that Exhibit
D2 rejected was attached to a valuation report.
I cannot make much out of the rejected document.”
(italics mine).
In his oral submission, Mr. Wole Olanipekun the
learned Counsel for the appellant adopted his brief,
he pointed out and rightly too that Exhibits 7 and 8
are the same though sent to different people. He
contended that the lower Court misinterpreted and
misapplied the case of Bakare and Anor v. Alhaji
Ado Ibrahim (1973) 6 S.C.205 in that the lower
Court said that the appellant ought to have filed a
reply if he had wanted to rely on malice and
submitted that there was no qualified privilege
established. The learned Counsel for the respondent
Mr. Akintoye relied on his brief.
I now come to the issue of qualified privilege. There
must exist a common interest between the maker
of the statement and the person to whom it was
made. Reciprocity of interest is an essential
element in the law of qualified privilege. Adam v.
Ward (1917) A.C.309 at 334; White v. J & F Stone
(1939) 2 K.B.827; Pullman v. Hill (1891) 1 DB 524
at 528 . The facts relied upon by the maker must be
true; a mere belief will not sustain the defence.
Hebditch v. Macllwaine (894) 2 Q.B .. 54. The
question then is: Was Exhibit 7 i.e. the disclaimer,
published so as to set in motion the disciplinary
machinery which the statutory body charged with
the discipline of members has? From the evidence
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of P.W.1, P.W.2 and P.W.3., this is not the case. An
allegation of professional misconduct implies an
offence against the rules and practice of the
particular profession. In this case the alleged
misconduct can only be sustained after due
investigation in which the appellant accused of
professional misconduct was given an opportunity
to defend himself. No person, not even a
professional body, can be allowed to make such a
grave accusation without due investigation. To
ground such a grave accusation on reasonable
belief of the person making the accusation is to
give a licence to malign others. It is not unusual to
deprecate a man’s conduct but vilification should
not form part of a disclaimer. Those who publish
disclaimer should be cautious not to infringe on the
rights of others. Where caution is thrown into the
wind recklessness is enthroned. Exhibit 7 i.e. the
disclaimer appears to me a reckless outburst of a
disgruntled boss.
There is ample justification for the learned trial
Judge’s findings:
“I find no evidence to convince me that the plaintiff
engaged in any activity which would amount to a
misconduct let alone professional misconduct.
There is also no evidence whatsoever that the
plaintiff has ever been queried by his employer or
tried by any tribunal”
This in my view is an implied rejection or disbelief
of the evidence of D.W.2 Seith Abel Maiyekogbon.
The finding of the trial Judge was confirmed by the
Court of Appeal, per Akpata, J.C.A. (as he then
22
was) when his Lordship said:
“I wish to state emphatically I cannot hold as a fact
that the respondent committed professional
conduct.”
This in my view ought to have been the end of the
matter in so far as qualified privilege is concerned.
But the Court of Appeal based the success of the
defence of qualified privilege on the honest belief of
the respondent.
The Court said:
“The fact remains however that the appellant
honestly believed, and there are good reasons for
his believing, that the respondent committed
professional misconduct.”
It would have been different if the report was made
to a professional body. The conclusion of the Court
of Appeal in my view contradicts the earlier
statement quoted above. Such conclusion was
based on the evidence of D.W.2 which was
impliedly rejected. The lower court relied very
much on the case of Bakare and Anor v. Alhaji Ado
Ibrahim (supra) to reach the conclusion that
absence of a reply was fatal in order to establish
malice in fact. I will come to the ratio decidendi of
this case later.
In the respondent’s brief, Mr. Akintoye had virtually
admitted that the proof required in any case where
crime is alleged is proof beyond reasonable doubt.
On page 5 of the appellants brief 4.8 (in the lower
Court) the learned Counsel said:
“It is admitted that the quasi-criminal nature of
professional misconduct must be proved beyond
23
reasonable doubt. Agreed, this must be tried and
pronounced by the professional body trying it.
Nevertheless this does not mean that it cannot be
charged with professional misconduct before it is
tried………”
It is this allegation that formed the basis of Exhibit
7 the disclaimer which is the cause of action.
Learned Counsel appeared to have overlooked the
provision of S . 137(1) of the Evidence Act which
requires burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt
the principle of a law earlier enunciated by the
same counsel. Learned Counsel again relied on
Exhibits D1 and D2 which were rejected but on
which the Court of Appeal did not place much
evidential value. It should be appreciated that
honest belief in the commission of a crime to
ground a conviction is not synonymous with the
mandatory requirement of Section 137(1) of the
Evidence Act.
I now come to Bakare’s case in so far as it affects
the requirement of filing a reply by the plaintiff
where the defendant relies on qualified privilege.
On page 212 of the report in Bakare’s case the
Supreme Court said:
“Where defamatory words are published without
lawful excuse the law conclusively presumes that
the defendant is motivated by what is often
described as malice in law; accordingly, the plaintiff
is usually not required to give particulars of the
facts on which he seeks to rely in support of the
allegation that the words were published
“maliciously.”
24
In my view, the respondent in this appeal has failed
to prove that he had lawful excuse for the
publication. His reliance on DW2 is unhelpful to his
defence. The case of Hulton v. James (1910)
A.C.23/24 covers this point where Loreburn L.C.
said:
“A man in good faith may publish libel believing it
to be true and it may be found by the jury that he
acted in good faith, believing it to be true, but in
fact the statement was false. Under those
circumstances he has no defence to the action
however excellent his intention. ”
I agree with the submission of Mr. Olanipekun in
his brief when he said:
“This finding of the trial Court as regards the
presumption of malice in law was what the
respondent attacked before the Court of Appeal and
not that of malice in fact which the Court of Appeal
based its judgment upon.”
A Court should adjudicate on matters or issues
properly submitted by the parties and not on
matters not raised by the parties. The Court in that
circumstances will be making a case for the parties.
Since the defence relied upon by the respondent
has been proved to be qualified privilege does not
avail the respondent. Duyile & Anor v. Kelly
Ogunbayo & Sons Ltd . (1988) 1 N.W.L.R. (Pt.72)
601.
On the whole the appeal succeeds. The judgment of
the Court of Appeal dated 27th January, 1987 is
hereby set aside. The judgment of the High Court
dated 4th September, 1981 is hereby restored.
25
Costs of the appeal in this Court is assessed at
N500.00. Costs in the lower Court is assessed at
N300.00 in favour of the appellant.
Concurring Opinion(s)
— ANDREWS OTUTU OBASEKI, J.S.C.:
On the 9th day of July,
1990, I allowed this appeal after hearing Counsel’s
submission at the oral hearing and reading the
briefs of argument together with the record of
proceedings and judgment of the Court below. I
then reserved my reasons for the judgment till
today.
I have since then had the advantage of reading in
advance the reasons for judgment just delivered by
my learned brother, Olatawura, J.S.C. and I find his
opinions on all the issues raised for determination
in this appeal in perfect accord with mine. I
therefore adopt them as my own. Those were the
reasons on which I based my judgment in allowing
the appeal.
AUGUSTINE NNAMANI, J.S.C.:
Editorial Note:
Honourable Justice Augustine Nnamani, J.S.C.
(Deceased) indicated his concurrence with the
unanimous judgment of the court. He died on
saturday, 22nd September, 1990 before the
reasons for judgment were given on 5th October,
1990.
— ADOLPHUS GODWIN KARIBI-WHYTE, J.S.C.:
On the 9th July, 1990, I summarily allowed the appeal
of the appellant, after hearing oral argument from both
Counsel who relied and elaborated on their briefs of
argument. I also had read the record of proceedings
26
in this appeal. I stated then that there was
considerable merit in the appellant’s arguments,
and that I would give my reasons for allowing the
appeal on the 5th October, 1990.
I have read the reasons for judgment of my learned
brother, O. Olatawura, J.S.C. in this appeal. I agree
entirely with them and I adopt them as mine.
— PHILIP NNAEMEKA-AGU, J.S.C.:
This appeal was
heard on the 9th of July, 1990 and allowed
summarily. But I postponed the reasons for my
judgment to today. I now give my reasons.
The appeal calls for a consideration of one of the
usual defences in libel namely QUALIFIED
PRIVILEGE.
The action for libel arose in this way. The plaintiff,
Ademola Atoyebi, a chartered surveyor, estate
agent, and valuer was employed in his professional
capacity by the defendant. William O. Odudu in his
firm of Odudu & Co., a firm of chartered surveyors
carrying on business at 124, Ibrahim Taiwo Road,
lIorin. Between 16th February, 1977 and 25th
June, 1979 the plaintiff rose from the position of
assistant estate manager to that of a senior estate
surveyor as result of a series of promotions. On
13th August, 1979 the defendant terminated the
appointment of the plaintiff. Following this, the
defendant wrote a disclaimer in these words.
“This is to inform you that the appointment of Mr.
A.A. Atoyebi who was in our employment until 13th
August, 1979 has been terminated for professional
misconduct. Any person transacting business with
27
him on our behalf does so at his or her own risk.
This was circulated to all the estate surveyors in
and around Ilorin, and a number of establishments
including banks, and published in the “Nigerian
Herald” newspaper.
The plaintiff sued the defendant for libel and later
filed his statement of claim. In the defendant’s
statement of defence he pleaded justification and
privilege. After trial the learned Judge, Gbadeyan,
J., found for the plaintiff and awarded him a sum of
N10,000.00 as damages. On appeal to the Court of
Appeal that court per Wali, Akpata, JJ.C.A. (as they
then were) and Ogundare, J.C.A. reversed the
decision and dismissed the plaintiff’s case.
The plaintiff hereinafter called the appellant has
appealed further to this Court. The defendant shall
hereinafter be referred to as the respondent.
Parties have exchanged their briefs. I may mention
that, although learned Counsel for the appellant
made some half hearted submissions on
justification, that issue in fact is not, and cannot
be, a life issue in this appeal. This is because the
two lower Courts found as a fact that the main sting
in the publication, that is the imputation that the
appellant has been found guilty of professional
misconduct was not proved. It is indisputable that it
is within the right and power of the professional
body of both parties to try and find the appellant
guilty of professional misconduct; that the
respondent had not the competence so to do; that
in case of such a trial strict proof is required; and
that there was not the calibre and standard of
28
evidence required for the proof thereof. In the
circumstances, in so far as truth is the kernel of the
defence justification in libel, it must be conceded
that the defence failed in the above state of the
facts. It is immaterial that the respondent believed
it to be true. See on this Peters v. Bradlaugh
(1884) 4 T.L.R.467; Truth (N.Z.) Limited v.
Holloway (1960) 1 W.L.R.997 (P.c.). And what is
required is strict proof of the imputation
complained of.
The decisive issue is, therefore: was the defence of
qualified privilege available to the respondent. On
this, Akpata, J .C.A. (as he then was) stated in his
judgment:
“It is true, as stated by the learned trial Judge that
where defamatory words are published without
lawful excuse, the law presumes that the defendant
is motivated by what is often described as malice in
law. The position of the law however, as it stands,
and as rightly stated by the appellant, is that if a
defendant files a defence of fair comment or privilege,
the presumption of malice in law is lost. It then behoves
on the plaintiff who alleges malice to file a reply raising the
allegation of malice. Once a plaintiff fails, as in this
case, to file a reply the court would not presumme
malice and the plaintiff cannot plead evidence of
malice. Apart from English authorities on the matter,
the outstanding Nigerian authority on it is the case of
Chief S. B. Bakare and Anor v. Alhaji Ado Ibrahim (1973) 3 E.C.S.L.R. (Pt.1) 4 85 at page 489. ” (Italics mine)
With greatest respects, I believe that the eminent
29
and respective Justice slipped there. In the first
place, the case of Bakare did not say that the duty
to file a reply alleging express malice arises once a
defendant files a defence of fair comment or
qualified privilege. Rather it says that that duty
arises when such a defence has been made out. It
is useful in this respect to quote the ipsissima verba
of Ibekwe, J.S.C. (as he then was) in the case of
Bakare . He said at page 489 of the report.
“We think it is necessary to stress here that the
word “maliciously”, as usually pleaded in
defamation actions, has a technical meaning. We
think that in pleadings, sufficient care should be
taken to draw a clear distinction between this
“technical malice” if we may say so, and actual
malice. In our view, each has a definite place in the
pleadings, and each also, has a distinct role to play
at the trial. It should always be borne in mind that,
once the plea of fair comment or qualified privilege
is made out, as it has been in the present case, the
inference of malice is rebutted, and the burden is
thrown upon the plaintiff of showing and proving
“express malice” against the defendants. This is
generally known as malice in fact”, and to be able
to discharge this onus at the trial, it is important
that the plaintiff should deliver a reply, alleging
express malice and giving particulars of the facts
from which such malice is to be inferred.”
It appears clear from the above words that the
need to deliver a reply to plead express malice
arises not merely because a defendant has filed a
defence of qualified privilege or fair comment.
30
Rather, it arises because he has made out the
defence. To put it in another way, it is a duty which
is cast on him by the shifting of the burden of proof
in the civil case and not merely as a rule of
pleading. It is a matter of common sense that legal
defences are never made out by a defendant
merely filing his defence but by his calling cogent
evidence in proof of the defence filed. I believe it is
always open to a plaintiff faced with a defence of
qualified privilege to decide whether he can, as in
this case, rely on the fact that the defence is not
made out, at which case there is no need for his
pleading express malice, the onus of proof of which
is on him. Or, when he believes that such a defence
will probably be made out, he may and should seek
to destroy it by pleading and showing that the
publication was actuated by malice. In this case in
which he obviously opted for the first alternative he
does not fail simply because he did not plead
express malice. And as respondent did not
discharge the onus of proving the defence the
burden of pleading and proving express malice has
not shifted to the appellant, as plaintiff.
It is also necessary to comment upon another
statement of the learned Justice of Appeal, as he
then was, which underpins his erroneous approach
to the defence of qualified privilege be stated:
“There are occasions upon which, on grounds of
public policy and convenience, a person may,
without incurring legal liability, make statements
about another which are defamatory and infact
untrue. On such occasions a man stating what he
31
believes to be the truth about another, is protected
in doing so, provided he makes the statement
honestly and without indirect or improper motive.
(See Gatley on libel and slander 7th Edition
paragraph 441 at page 186).”
My first observation is that this is an introductory
paragraph to the whole of chapter 13 of the learned
author’s work. Understandably therefore it is a
form of a general statement which was later
explained, cut down, and delimited in subsequent
paragraphs. From the authorities, however, the law
appears to be that it is only when the plaintiff has
put a defendant’s intention in issue by serving a
reply alleging express malice that the belief or
non-belief of the defendant becomes material. See
on this Plymouth Mutual Cooperative and Industrial
Society Limited v. Traders Publishing Association
Limited (1906) I K.B A03 at page 418, per Fletcher
Moulton, L.J. Indeed the learned author of Gatley
himself made the same point in paragraph 1177 of
the work where he stated:
“Where the defence of qualified privilege or fair
comment is pleaded, and the plaintiff has served a
reply alleging express malice, the condition of mind
of the defendant when he published the words is a
matter directly in issue.”
See also Dewsan v. Dover Chronicle (1913) 108
L.T. at page 484; also Caryll v. Daily Mail (1904) 90
L.T. 307. Local decisions are also in line with the
fact that a defendant’s belief in the truth of such
allegation cannot be a ground for exculpating him
when there is no issue of express malice which can
32
only be raised in a reply. See Ezekwe v. Otomewo
(1957) W.N.L.R.130 also Dr. Louis Nthrenda v. Paul
Alade & Anor (1957) N.N.L.R.94 where Bello,
S.PJ., quoted with approval the dicta of Lord
Loreburn, L.C. in Hulton v. Jones (1910) A.C.20 at
pages 23-24 to the like effect. It is clear, therefore,
from the above authorities that where a man in
good faith publishes a libel believing it to be true
whereas infact the statement was false, he cannot
hide under the defence of qualified privilege which
is not clearly made out no matter how innocent his
intention were, unless and until after he has prima
facie made out the defence his intention has been
put in issue by the plaintiff delivering a reply
pleading express malice on the part of the
defendant. Also it is only when the issue of express
malice is being tried or for purposes of mitigation of
damages that the defendant’s intention in making
the publication may be relevant. In the instant
case, where express malice was never made an
issue, it was wrong, in my view, for the learned
Justice of Appeal to have come to the conclusion
that the respondent was immune from liability
simply because he probably believed in the truth of
what he published which was found to be
defamatory of the appellant.
Finally I shall deal with the question; was a defence
of qualified privilege made out so that it can be said
that as the appellant failed to plead or prove
express malice the defence of qualified privilege
succeeded? To answer this question correctly I shall
be guided by what I said in Dayo Duyile & Anor v.
33
Kelly Ogunbayo & Sons Limited (1988) 3 S.CJ. (Pt.
1) page 1, at page 12; (1988) 1 N.W.L.R. (Pt.72)
601 at Pg.614 . There I stated that the fact that an
occasion is privileged affords no panacea for
publication of libelous imputations unnecessary or
irrelevant to the privileged occasion. I cited with
approval the dictum of Lord Atkinson in Adam v.
Ward (1917) F A.C.309 at Pages 320-.321.
Now the sting of the publication complained of in
this case is the imputation that the appellant had
been found guilty of professional misconduct as a
chartered surveyor, estate agent, and valuer. As it
turned out, he was never tried of such an offence
by his fellow members of his professional body. The
respondent had not the competence to try him,
and, in any event, could not rightly be witness, jury
and judge at the same time. The two lower Courts
found, and I agree with them, that professional
misconduct was not proved. Worse, evidence given
at the trial by the respondent himself shows that
there was no ground at all for imagining that the
appellant committed any professional misconduct
by canvassing for jobs for himself while he was in
respondent’s appointment. It is enough for me to
quote two pieces of evidence, among others, on
this. Under cross-examination, the respondent
admitted.
“Exhibit ‘I’ is a letter of the plaintiff’s appointment
by me. Exhibit ‘I’ does not forbid the plaintiff from
doing another private job.”
Later on, he also admitted:
“I mandated all associates in my company to
34
canvass for business for the company and they are
entitled to a percentage of the fees from such job
above certain limits.”
When the appellant’s letter of appointment does
not forbid him from doing any private job and the
employer himself admitted that he mandated his
employees to canvass for jobs, I do not see the
basis of the respondent’s complaint. Neither do I
see how a professional employee can be held guilty
of professional misconduct for practising his
profession in a way not shown to be contrary to any
rule or the terms of his employment. The
conclusion I have reached, therefore, is that the
publication complained of was not only false; it was
also completely groundless. Also guided by what I
said in Duyile case I referred to above, it would
have been sufficient, if the respondent’s interest,
were merely to protect his business interest, to
stop by merely stating that the appellant was no
longer in his employment. It was absolutely
unnecessary to add the sting that he was guilty of
professional misconduct. Moreover he did not
confine the publication of the defamatory matter to
the professional colleagues of the appellant and the
respondent and, perhaps, his clients. He went
ahead to publish it to the whole world. It must be
noted that such an excessive publication is a
ground for aggravation of damages; but as this has
not been asked for, I say no more about it. I am,
however, satisfied that the publication complained
of was libellous of the plaintiff to the extreme, as
well as it was groundless and unnecessary. Yet it
35
was over publicised and the respondent had no
defence to the action.
For the above reasons and the fuller reasons
contained in the reasons for judgment just
delivered by my learned brother, Olatawura, J.S.C.
which I adopt as my own, I allowed the appellant’s
appeal on the 9th of July, 1990 and reserved the
reasons for my judgment till today. I have now
given my reasons.
Appeal allowed.
Dissenting Opinion(s)
None
REFERENCES
Research enhancement — dynamically linked
Referenced Judgments
Adam v. Ward (1917) AC 309 at 334.
Bakare & Anor v. Ibrahim (1973) 6 SC 205; (1973) 3 ECSLR (Pt. 1) 485 at 489.
Caryll v. Daily Mail (1904) 90 LT 307.
Dewsan v. Dover Chronicle (1913) 108 LT 484.
Duyile & Anor v. Ogunbayo & Sons Ltd. (1988) 1 NWLR (Pt. 72) 601.
Ezekwe v. Otomewo (1957) WNLR 130.
Hebditch v. MacIlwaine (1894) 2 QB 54.
Hulton v. Jones (1910) AC 20 at 23-24.
Nthrenda v. Alade & Anor (1957) NNLR 94.
Peters v. Bradlaugh (1884) 4 TLR 467.
Plymouth Mutual Cooperative and Industrial Society Limited v. Traders Publishing Association Limited (1906) 1 KB 403 at 418.
Pullman v. Hill (1891) 1 QB 524 at 528.
Truth (N.Z.) Limited v. Holloway (1960) 1 WLR 997 (PC).
White v. J. & F. Stone (1939) 2 KB 827.
Referenced Statutes
Evidence Act, Section 137(1).