Bank of Ireland v. Union Bank of Nigeria Ltd. & Anor

Sometime in 1981, the plaintiff company entered into a contract with another company Kingscourt Construction Group (Export) Limited, Ireland for the supply of some products at an agreed price. The plaintiff was required to make an advance payment in the sum of $566,250.00 (US. dollars). In line with the prevailing rules of the Central Bank of Nigeria, the plaintiff was required to obtain a guarantee from a reputable bank abroad before the advance payment could be made. The plaintiff approached the defendant (Union Bank) its bankers, which then obtained the necessary guarantee from the Bank of Ireland, the 3rd party herein. The foreign currency was thereafter remitted by the defendant through the 3rd party to be paid over to the ultimate beneficiary, the Kingscourt Ltd., which had since failed in breach of its contract to supply any goods to the plaintiff. It had also failed to refund the money paid. Accordingly, the plaintiff issued a writ of summons against the defendant in the Benin High Court seeking for a declaratory order and an order directing the defendant to pay the current value of the aforesaid sum together with interest to the plaintiff. The plaintiff averred that the defendant bank had been negligent in the handling of their contract with them. The defendant denied that. The defendant is holding the 3rd party to its guarantee under which it undertakes to repay the money herein. It is doubtless therefore that the 3rd party featured prominently in the pleadings of both the plaintiff and the defendant. The defendant consequently applied ex parte to the High Court to have both the 3rd

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party and Kingscourt Ltd. joined as third parties to the action. The ex-parte motion was heard on l6th May, 1991 and in a considered ruling, the learned trial Judge granted the application thus:-
“Accordingly, the application is granted as prayed. The proposed third party notices are to issue for service outside jurisdiction within 7 days from today and the defendant thereafter shall effect service of same together with copies of the writ of summons, statement of claim and statement of defence and other relevant processes, within 14days of the issue of the said notices. And upon due service, the third parties shall enter an appearance within 30 days of the date of service. Case adjourned to 16th and 17th July, 1991 for hearing.”
Upon being served with the third party notices, the Bank of Ireland (third party) by its learned counsel, Mbanefo, SAN., entered full appearance. He then filed a motion dated 4th November, 1991. wherein he sought to strike out the 3rd party from the suit or alternatively granting 3rd party leave to withdraw its appearance in the suit. This motion was later withdrawn and struck out with costs by the court upon the application made to that effect by its counsel, Mbanefo, on 9th March, 1992.
Before that day, learned counsel had filed another motion on notice wherein the third party sought for reliefs similar to those earlier withdrawn and struck out. It reads:-
“TAKE NOTICE that this honourable court will be moved on Friday the 7th day of February, 1992 at the hour of 9 o’clock in the forenoon or so soon thereafter as counsel may be heard on behalf of the third party/applicant for an order striking out the name of the third party/applicant

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from the suit and/or setting aside the third party notice and/or writ served on the third party/applicant or alternatively granting the third party/applicant leave to withdraw its appearance in this suit on the following grounds:
1. That the third party notice/writ served on the third party/applicant is null and void for non-compliance with the rules of this honourable court as well as the Sheriffs and Civil Process Act concerning service out of the jurisdiction.
2. That the alleged cause of action did not arise within the jurisdiction of this honourable court.
3. That this honourable court has no jurisdiction over the third party/applicant who is neither resident nor carrying on business within the jurisdiction whether through an agent or otherwise.
4. That the proper place for the defendant to sue the third party/ applicant is in the courts of the Republic of Ireland since any order made or judgment given by this honourable court will  be nugatory and unenforceable.
5. That the action against the third party/applicant cannot conveniently be tried with the action filed by the plaintiff/respondent in this suit.
AND for such further or other orders as this honourable court may deem fit to make.”
Counter- affidavits were filed and arguments were received. In a reserved ruling the learned trial Judge dismissed the application with costs against the 3rd party. The ruling concluded thus:-
“As stated above, the applicants were brought in by an order of this court pursuant to an application for the

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purposes. After the applicants were served, they formally filed a memorandum of appearance and took the steps set out in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 0f the further and better counter- affidavit set out above in this ruling. In Katto v. CBN (1991) 9 NWLR (Pt.214) 126 the SCN held inter alia as follows:
’15. Where there is a breach of the rules of court and which breach may amount to an irregularity … the complain must be deemed to have waived the said irregularity since he took steps in that court … (Italics is mine for emphasis)
In view of the provisions of Order 10 rule 4 and the recent decision of the SCN in Katto v. CBN (supra) it cannot be said that the ruling of this court delivered herein on 16/5/91 and attached to the motion papers as Exh. 002 is a nullity.
Arising from all the above, therefore, this application must fail and it is hereby dismissed with N100.00 costs against the applicant in favour of defendant/respondent.”
The 3rd party not satisfied with the ruling of the High Court, then appealed to the Court of Appeal, holden at Benin. In a unanimous judgment, the Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal and confirmed the ruling of the trial High Court.
Still dissatisfied with the judgment of the Court of Appeal, the 3rd party has further appealed to this court. In compliance with the rules of court, the parties filed and exchanged their briefs of argument. These were adopted and relied upon by counsel at the hearing of the appeal. Additional oral submissions were also made at the time.
In the brief filed on behalf of the 3rd party, Mr. Mbanefo,

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SAN., has identified four issues as arising for determination in this appeal as follows:-
“1. Whether the Edo State High Court could properly exercise jurisdiction over the appellant bank.
2. Whether the third party notice was properly issued and served on the appellant and if not, whether it should have been set aside.
3. Whether the fact of entry of appearance would deprive the appellant of the right to challenge the court’s jurisdiction.
4. What principles guide the withdrawal of appearance and whether the Court of Appeal ought to have allowed the appellants to withdraw its appearance.”
Issues (1) and (2) were argued together, the main contention being whether the third party is properly before the Edo State High Court and whether that court has jurisdiction. He said both the High Court and the Court of Appeal failed to make any pronouncement on the issue of jurisdiction of the High Court over the 3rd party. Instead they preferred to base their decisions solely on the fact that the 3rd party had entered an appearance. He referred to pages 68, 166 and 167 of the record and submitted that even if the 3rd party were deemed to have irrevocably entered appearance in the suit. it is still entitled to challenge the jurisdiction of the court as it is trite law that issues of jurisdiction can be raised at any stage of proceedings and be determined forthwith. He cited the case of National Bank of Nigeria Ltd. v. Shoyoyo (1977) 5 S.C. 181. I agree with this last submission. He contended that because the 3rd party does not reside in nor carry on business in any part of Nigeria, no suit can be

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commenced against it and that being so, the High Court erred in ordering service of 3rd party notice on the 3rd party who is out of jurisdiction. He referred to Order 10 rule 4, Order 12 rules 12, 13 and 14 of the Bendel State High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules, 1988, Practice and Procedure of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal and High Courts of Nigeria by Aguda, paragraph 5.15 at page 70 and a number of decided cases including Nwabueze v. Okoye (1988)4NWLR (Pt. 91) 664; Craig v.Kanssen (1943) 1 KB 256; Derby Pools Ltd. v. Ocheme (1991) 7 NWLR (Pt.203) 323; Skenconsult (Nig.) Ltd. v. Ukey (1981) 1 S.C. 6; Ndaeyo v. Ogunnaya (1977) NSCC Vol. 25. It was further contended that since no alleged action by the 3rd party was done within Nigeria because the funds were received in Ireland and paid to an Irish company and that the guarantee was given in Ireland, the 3rd party could only be sued in Ireland. He said the learned trial Judge having failed to advert his mind to the pre-conditions to the issuance of a third party notice out of jurisdiction and having also failed to prescribe the proper procedure for the service of the third party notice, the proceedings are a nullity and should be set aside. That the learned trial Judge did not only fail to prescribe any mode of service of the 3rd party notice but failed also to endorse it as required by section 97 of the Sheriffs and Civil Process Act Cap. 189 of the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1958. It was finally submitted that if the court were to proceed with the case, any judgment it might give against the 3rd party will be unenforceable because Nigeria has no reciprocal judgment enforcement agreement with Ireland.

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Responding Chief Debo Akande, SAN., learned counsel for the plaintiff submitted that all the necessary pre-conditions prescribed for the issuance of the third party notice were complied with. He said because the contract was made within the jurisdiction of the trial High Court any claim for damages arising from its breach is also within the jurisdiction of the court. He referred to Order 12 rule 13 of the Edo State High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules, 1988. That it was necessary to make the 3rd party a party 10 the action so that it should be bound by the result of the action and the questions to be settled. That courts have a duty to do justice to all the parties in any matter before them without undue regard to technicalities. He cited in support the cases of Peenok Investment Ltd. v. Hotel Presidential Ltd. (1982) 12 S.C. 1; Green v. Green (1987) 3 NWLR (Pt.61)480; Odua Investment Co. Ltd. v. Talabi (1991) 1 NWLR (Pt. 170)761.
It was further submitted that since the plaintiff placed the order for goods in Benin and effected payment through the defendant bank in Benin, the cause of action must therefore have arisen in Benin. It therefore did not matter whether the  3rd party was not resident nor carried on business in Benin and the cases of Nwabueze and Ndaeyo (Supra) relied on by the 3rd party would not help it. That there is no law which said a foreign company cannot be sued in this country where the cause of action as in this case arose in Nigeria. He referred to Order 10 rule 4 of the High Court Rules and to the case of Olaogun Enterprises Ltd. v. S. J. & M. (1992) 4 NWLR (Pt.235) 361, to the effect that a suit can in fact be commenced in any of the jurisdictions of one of the defendants where the

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defendants are more than one as in this case. He said a judgment given in this country and registered in England or Ireland has always been enforceable and there is no basis to hold that joinder will be useless because the judgment will be unenforceable in Ireland.
I begin by warning myself that being an interlocutory appeal, I must avoid making any comment or observation in the judgment which might appear to prejudge the issue or issues yet to be tried in the substantive suit before the trial High Court. I therefore intend to be as brief as I can.
I think it is not true as contended by Mr. Mbanefo, SAN., that both the High Court and the Court of Appeal failed to pronounce on the jurisdiction of the High Court over the 3rd party which is resident abroad and carries on no business here. The learned trial Judge delivering his ruling said amongst others as follows:-
“In considering the submission urged in respect of prayer 1, one must bear in mind the provisions of Order 10 rule 4 which is as follows:-
‘4. All other suits shall be commenced and determined in the judicial division in which the defendant resides or carries on business or in which the cause of action arose. If there are more defendants than one resident in different judicial divisions, the suit may be commenced in anyone of such judicial divisions: subject however to any order which the court may, upon the application of any of the parties, or on its motion, think fit to make with a view to the most convenient arrangement for the trial of such suit. ‘
(Italics is mine for emphasis only)
As stated above, the applicants were brought in by an

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order of this court pursuant to an application for the purpose.”
Needless to repeat that the applicant’s prayers before the High Court were for:-
“an order striking out the name of the 3rd party/applicant from the suit and/or setting aside the third party notice and/or writ served on the third party applicant, or alternatively granting the third party/applicant leave to withdraw its appearance in this suit.’
The entire application failed and so were the prayers above,
The Court of Appeal in its own judgment said:-
“In the ruling of the learned trial Judge, it is clear that he only adverted to the provisions of Order 10 rule 4 of the Bendel State Civil Procedure Rules in upholding the order of his learned brother Obi. J., without regard to the provisions of the rules governing joinder of a party upon order of a third party notice. It is my view that the learned trial Judge ought to have considered the application in the light of the provisions of the rules governing the order of a  third party notice on a person who was not already a party to the suit”
The Court of Appeal thereafter set out in full as well as considered the provisions of Order 11 rule 17(1) and (2) and came to the conclusion that the High Court was right to have dismissed prayer (1) in the application before it. In other words, the court has jurisdiction in the matter. Order 1. rule 17(1) and (2) reads:-
“(1) Where in any action a defendant claims as against any person not already a party to the action (in this section called ‘the third party’).

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(a) that he is entitled to contribution or indemnity; or
(b) that he is entitled to any relief or remedy relating to, or connected with the original subject-matter of the action and substantially the same as some relief or remedy claimed by the plaintiff; or
(c) that any question or issue relating to or connected with the said subject-matter is substantially the same as some question or issue arising between the plaintiff and the defendant and should properly be determined not only as between the plaintiff and defendant but also as between the plaintiff and the defendant and the third party or between any or either of them;
the court or a Judge in chambers may give leave to the defendant to issue and serve a third party notice.
2. The court or a judge in chambers may give leave to issue and serve a third party notice on an ex parte application supported by affidavit, or where the court or judge in chambers directs a summons to the plaintiff to be issued upon the hearing of the summons: provided that leave shall not be granted in cases where the action was begun and an order for pleadings made before the date of the commencement of these rules.”
I have read through the rules above myself, I think both the High Court and the Court of Appeal were right, this being a third party notice application and the defendant which is resident and carries on business within the jurisdiction having made it abundantly clear that it is seeking for:-
“an order that the Bank of Ireland do indemnify Union Bank of Nigeria Ltd. wholly for any award made in favour of the plaintiff in this suit against the defendant.”

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The main object of the procedure is to prevent multiplicity of actions and prevent the same issues being-decided upon in two different proceedings. Therefore, where it is not shown that there is an obligation on the part of the 3rd party in law or in equity to indemnify the defendant, then an order will not be made. (Benecke v. Frost (1876) 1 QBD 419). In addition 3rd party proceedings has a life of its own, so that even where the main action has been settled, the 3rd party proceedings already begun may proceed (Union Bank v. Edionseri (1988) 2 NWLR (Pt.74) 93). The 3rd party is not a defendant in the main action, but a defendant of the party at whose instance he has been joined (Union Bank v. Edionseri (supra).
As to the complaint about the non-prescription of the mode of service as well as the non-endorsement of the third party notice as required by the High Court Rules 1988 and the Sheriffs and Civil Process Act, the simple answer is that having  regard to the steps already taken in the proceedings by the 3rd party to wit:-
(1) causing an appearance to be made by its counsel after being served with the third party notice;
(2) filing a motion dated 4th November, 1991;
(3) withdrawing the said motion which was consequently struck out with costs;
(4) filing another motion dated 6th February, 1992 which was argued and now subject-matter of this appeal,
the 3rd party must be taken to have waived all irregularities in respect of procedural requirements (see Ezomo v. Oyakhire (1985) 1NWLR (Pt.2) 195; Adegoke Motors Ltd. v. Adesanya (1989) 3NWLR (Pt.1 09) 250). Once the writ or third party notice in this case is

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validly issued, any defect in service becomes a mere irregularity which can be cured or waived. The third party notice in this case was properly issued with leave of the court. Validity of the third party notice itself was not an issue here.
The Court of Appeal I believe was also right when it said on page 166 of the record thus:
“Having so held, I am also of the view that the other matters raised for objecting to the jurisdiction of the court are matters which have to be decided by the trial court after hearing evidence in the suit as between the appellant and the 1st respondent.”
A careful look at the 3rd party’s motion papers before the High Court would show that issues like whether or not the cause of action arose within jurisdiction or whether or not the 3rd party or its agent carries on business here or not are still issues to be decided on hearing evidence from the parties. Enough of that.
Issue (1) and (2) therefore fail.
The 3rd and 4th issues were also argued together since they both relate to the effect of the entry of appearance by the 3rd party. I must say that neither the High Court nor the Court of Appeal said anywhere that entry of appearance deprived the 3rd party of the right to challenge the jurisdiction of the court. Of course it did not; even though the decision would depend on whether or “not the jurisdiction being challenged is purely on procedural law or as a matter of substantive law. The former can be waived but not the latter (Re Orr-Ewing (1882) 22 Ch. D 456). That issue is therefore not properly before us. I hereby strike it out. The learned counsel for

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the 3rd party contended that the appearance herein was done in this case in order to avoid having judgment in default entered against it and in order to enable it to challenge the jurisdiction of the court. That the defendant having suffered no prejudice thereby, the 3rd party was entitled to withdrawal of its appearance as provided under Order 29 rule 1 which reads:-
“A party who has entered an appearance in an action may withdraw the appearance at any time with leave of the court.”
He referred to page 105 of the record and to paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 of the further counter-affidavit and submitted that the 3rd party cannot be said to have taken any step in the proceedings. He referred to the cases of Ezomo v. Oyakhire (supra) and Adegoke Motors Ltd. v.Adesanya (supra). He said the fact of entering appearance was a mistake and that it did not mean an irrevocable intent to submit to the jurisdiction of the court. This last point on mistake is clearly an afterthought as it is not among the five grounds listed before the High Court for making an  application (see above). It will therefore be discountenanced by me.
Responding Chief Akande referred to Order 29 rule 1 (supra) and submitted that leave of court implies authorisation by the court. There is therefore no unconditional right to withdraw appearance once entered, and therefore the court is bound to take into cognisance the justice of the case. He referred to page 53, lines 3-6 and lines 21-23 and said the courts rightly refused to grant leave to the 3rd party to withdraw appearance. The appearance in this case is unconditional and not a

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conditional one which would have shown from inception that the 3rd party was coming on protest to contest jurisdiction. I think, Chief Akande is right here. By entering an unconditional appearance, counsel gave an indication of the intention to defend the suit and he also submitted to the jurisdiction of the court as having waived any procedural irregularity such as the manner of service of the third party notice as district from a constitutional or statutory irregularity which can freely be taken up after appearance (Re Orrs – Ewing. Wilkinson v. Barking corporation (1948) 1 K.B. 721).
There is no doubt that under Order 29 rule 1 of the Edo State High court (Civil Procedure) Rules (supra), a party who has entered an appearance may at any time withdraw the appearance with leave of court. “Leave” clearly implies authorisation of the court. That is how it should be if only not to create chaos and confusion. I hasten to say that whether or not a court will grant leave in any particular case will largely depend on the facts and circumstances of the particular case. Courts will certainly show sympathy in a proper or genuine case of improper or wrong entry of appearance by a party in an action. Normally the appearance entered by Mr. Mbanefo, SAN., will be presumed to be on the instruction of the 3rd party, but if the court is satisfied that the 3rd party had no knowledge of, nor did it give its consent to such appearance, it may vacate such appearance on a proper application (Yonge v. Toynbee (1910) 1 K.B. 215).
In the instant case the learned trial Judge had said in considering the application for leave to issue the third party notice that:-

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“I am of the firm conviction that there is a one common question that runs through the substantive action between the plaintiff and the defendant on the one hand, and the action as formulated in the proposed third party motion on the other …It seems to me therefore that, that common question is best settled once and for all if the 1st third party is allowed in.”
So, let it be.
I am of the firm view that the lower courts were right when they refused to accede to the prayer of the 3rd party to withdraw its appearance at the stage they did. Issue (4) therefore fails.
All the issue having failed, the appeal must also fail. It is accordingly dismissed with ten thousand naira (N10,000.00) costs to the plaintiff.