CASE IDENTIFICATION
EDITORIAL SUMMARY
Editorial — not part of the judgment as delivered
Facts of the Case
This is a ruling on two applications brought by the defendants/appellants. The substantive suit originated from the High Court of Imo State, Umuahia Judicial Division, where the respondents as plaintiffs claimed a declaration of title to land known as Okata Eruete Land, damages for trespass, and an injunction. The trial Court (Ononuju, J.) found for the plaintiffs on 27 February 1979. The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal, Enugu Judicial Division, which dismissed the appeal on 12 February 1985.
By a notice of appeal dated 2 May 1985, the defendants purported to appeal to the Supreme Court within the time prescribed. However, when the appeal came up for hearing on 2 May 1989, it transpired that the appeal was incompetent because no leave of the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court had been sought or obtained before the appeal was lodged. The appeal was accordingly struck out.
On 2 May 1989, counsel for the defendants applied for an extension of time within which to seek leave to appeal and for leave to appeal. That application was struck out on 23 October 1989 because it was defective. The defendants then brought two applications: the first dated 8 November 1989 seeking, among others, a departure from the rules, extension of time to seek leave to appeal, leave to appeal, and extension of time to file the appeal; and the second dated 15 June 1990 seeking leave to amend the grounds of appeal.
Issues for Determination
ISSUE 1: Whether, in the light of pleadings and evidence before it, the Court below was correct in holding that the land in dispute in this case is not the same as the land covered by Exhibit D.
ISSUE 2: If the answer to the first question is in the affirmative, whether the Court below ought to have dismissed the defendants’ plea of laches, acquiescence and standing by.
ISSUE 3: Whether the Court below was correct in its conclusion that Nwakamalu’s evidence in Exhibit D was of no assistance to the defendants in this case.
ISSUE 4: Whether the finding of the Court below on traditional evidence can be supported.
ISSUE 5: Whether the plaintiffs succeeded in proving the identity of the land in dispute.
ISSUE 6: Who is entitled to the customary right of occupancy in or over the land in dispute.
EDITOR’S NOTES: The Supreme Court observed that the above issues were issues for the substantive appeal, not for the application. The sole issue for determination in the application was whether, on the material presented by the defendants and having regard to the counter-affidavit of the plaintiffs, the undoubted discretion of the Court to extend time within which to appeal and to grant leave to appeal should be exercised in favour of the defendants.
Decision / Holding
The Supreme Court granted the applications. The Court held that the failure of the defendants to appeal within the prescribed time was entirely due to the mistakes of their counsel, and the court should not penalize a litigant for the mistakes of his legal adviser. The Court found that the proposed grounds of appeal (except ground vi) showed good cause why the appeal should be heard.
Ratio Decidendi / Principles
APPELLATE PRACTICE — Extension of Time to Appeal — Principles Governing Exercise of Discretion “We are now dealing with an application for leave to appeal, the time for appealing having expired. There is no doubt about it that this court has an undoubted discretion to grant or refuse the application. It is trite to say that such a discretion must be exercised judicially. In effect the discretion must be exercised having regard to the principles governing the exercise of such a discretion.” Per Agbaje, JSC, in Iroegbu & Anor v. Okwordu & Anor (1990) NLC-2911989(SC) at pp. 15–16; Paras E–B.
APPELLATE PRACTICE — Extension of Time to Appeal — Good and Substantial Reasons Required “Every application for an enlargement of time in which to appeal or in which to apply for leave to appeal shall be supported by an affidavit setting forth good and substantial reasons for the failure to appeal or to apply for leave to appeal within the prescribed period.” Per Agbaje, JSC, citing Order 2 Rule 31(2) of the Supreme Court Rules, 1985, in Iroegbu & Anor v. Okwordu & Anor (1990) NLC-2911989(SC) at pp. 11–12; Paras D–E.
APPELLATE PRACTICE — Extension of Time to Appeal — Length of Delay Immaterial if Good Cause Shown “In the application, a space of over five and half years between the judgment and this application prima facie appears rather long. But it is the law that such a length of time will be immaterial provided the applicant is able to show good cause justifying the delay. Indeed, whether the delay is for a short or a long time, the applicant must, in order to succeed, be able to give substantial reasons for the delay for the whole period. What defeats the application is undue delay which has not been satisfactorily explained.” Per Nnaemeka-Agu, JSC, in Iroegbu & Anor v. Okwordu & Anor (1990) NLC-2911989(SC) at p. 39; Paras A–E.
APPELLATE PRACTICE — Leave to Appeal — What Applicant Must Show to Succeed “In the case of application for leave to appeal, the applicant must show that the grounds of appeal are not frivolous but substantial and show a clear case of either misdirection or non-direction in law or fact, erroneous conception of the case of the parties by the judge, erroneous evaluation of evidence and erroneous findings of facts occasioning miscarriage of justice to warrant the hearing of the appeal on those grounds. The applicant is not required to show that his appeal will succeed. All he is required to show is that the appeal is arguable and deserves to be heard on those grounds.” Per Obaseki, JSC, in Iroegbu & Anor v. Okwordu & Anor (1990) NLC-2911989(SC) at pp. 34–35; Paras E–C.
APPELLATE PRACTICE — Mistake of Counsel — Affidavit Must Speak to Facts Constituting the Mistake “It is stated in Welden v. De Bathe (1887) 3 TLR 445 that if an application for an extension of time within which to appeal is made on the ground of mistake or negligence of a legal adviser the affidavit should speak to the facts constituting the mistake.” Per Agbaje, JSC, in Iroegbu & Anor v. Okwordu & Anor (1990) NLC-2911989(SC) at p. 20; Paras E–A.
APPELLATE PRACTICE — Mistake of Counsel — Court Will Not Punish Litigant for Mistakes of Counsel “It should be regarded as settled by a long line of decided cases that the courts do not normally punish a litigant for the mistakes of his counsel. But in my opinion, the Courts will not regard this as a universal talisman, the waiver of which will act as panacea in all cases. The Courts must be satisfied not only that the allegation of the fault of Counsel is true and genuine but also that it is availing having regard to the circumstances of the particular case.” Per Nnaemeka-Agu, JSC, in Iroegbu & Anor v. Okwordu & Anor (1990) NLC-2911989(SC) at pp. 39–40; Paras E–A.
Obiter Dicta
The Court observed that the applicants had all along shown promptly their desire to appeal against the judgment of the lower court to the knowledge of the plaintiffs. It was only as a result of the mistake of their counsel that the appeal could not properly take off. The Court also noted that the plaintiffs had not shown at all in what way they would be prejudiced if the application was granted.
The Court emphasized the difference between issues in an appellant’s brief under Order 6 Rule 5 and those in an applicant’s brief under Order 6 Rule 2 of the Supreme Court Rules, 1985. The former are formulated solely from the grounds of appeal filed, while the latter are framed from the facts deposed to in the affidavit in support of the motion together with any exhibits and the grounds of appeal.
Orders of Court
The time to seek leave to appeal was extended to the date of the ruling.
Leave to appeal on the grounds exhibited in Exhibit Y (except ground vi) was granted.
Time to file notice of appeal and appeal was extended by 30 days from the date of the ruling.
The respondents were entitled to costs assessed at N50.00 against the defendants/appellants.
Prayer 1 of the defendants’ application (directing a departure from the rules) was struck out as it had been overtaken by events.
APPEARANCES
Counsel for the Appellant(s)
Chief F.R.A. Williams, S.A.N. (with him, Miss N. A. Maduakoh and Miss A. A. Smith)
Counsel for the Respondent(s)
Chief G.C.M. Onyiuke, S.A.N. (with him, G. N. Onwubuya, Esq.)
Amicus Curiae
None
JUDGMENTS / OPINIONS OF THE COURT
Authoritative judicial text as delivered
Lead / Majority Opinion
— (DELIVERED BY ABDUL GANIYU OLATUNJI AGBAJE, J.S.C. (DELIVERING THE LEAD RULING): )
This ruling is concerned with two
applications now filed by their Counsel on behalf of
the defendants in suit no.HU/4/73 in an Umuahia
High Court between Richard Okwordu & Anor for
themselves and as representing the Chiefs and
people of Eruete Ibeku as plaintiffs and Onyebuchi
Iroegbu & Anor, for themselves and as representing
the Chiefs and people of Avonkwu Ibeku as
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defendants. The claims of the plaintiffs against the
defendants jointly and severally in the suit were as
follows:-
“1. Declaration of title to all that piece or parcel of
land known as and called OKATA ERUETE LAND
situate at Eruete Ibeku in Umuahia Judicial Division
with annual rent of N10.00.
- N1,000.00 being general damages for trespass.
- Perpetual Injunction to restrain the defendants,
their servants, workmen and/or agents from
further entry upon the said IKATA ERUETE LAND or
in any way interfering with the plaintiffs’ ownership
or possession of same.”
The case proceeded to trial before Ononuju, J., who
in his judgment dated 27th February, 1979 found
for the plaintiffs on all their claims against the
defendants. The defendants being dissatisfied with
the judgment appealed against it to the Court of
Appeal Enugu Judicial Division. That Court coram
Phil-Ebosie. O.F.R., J.C.A. presiding, Belgore,
Olatawura, JJ.C.A.. as they then were in its
judgment dated 12th February, 1985 dismissed the
defendants appeal in its entirety. By a notice of
appeal dated 2nd May, 1985 the defendants
apparently within the time prescribed for appealing
against that decision, purported to appeal against
the decision. I say the defendants purported to
appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal
because when that appeal having been duly
entered in this Court as Suit No.S.C.228/1989 came
on for hearing on 2nd May, 1989 it transpired that
the purported appeal was incompetent in that no
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leave of the Court of Appeal or this Court was
sought or obtained before the appeal was lodged. In
the circumstances the appeal was struck out.
By a motion on notice dated 2nd May, 1989 Counsel
on behalf of the defendants applied in this Court
inter alia for an extension of time within which the
defendants may seek leave to appeal against the
judgment of the Court of Appeal to which I have
referred above and also for leave to appeal against
- When this application came on for hearing on
23rd October, 1989, it transpired that the
application was defective and so it was struck out.
Consequent upon the failure of the application to
which I have just referred above, the defendants
have now brought the two applications which are
now the subject matter of the ruling I am about to
deliver.
In the first application dated 8th November, 1989,
the defendants are seeking the following reliefs
from this Court:-
(i) Directing a departure from the rules of this Court
for the purpose of entertaining the appeal herein
notwithstanding non-compliance with the
requirements of Order 6 Rule 2(i)(c);
(ii) Extending the time within which the appellants
may seek leave to appeal from the judgment of the
Court of Appeal delivered herein on the 12th
February, 1985;
(iii) Leave to appeal from the judgment of the Court
of Appeal aforesaid;
(iv) Extending the time within which the appellants
may file such appeal; and
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(v) Such further and/or other orders as this
Honourable Court may deem fit to make in the
circumstances.”
In support of the application the defendants are
relying on the affidavit sworn by Rafiu Babatunde
Azeez, a litigation officer in the chambers of Chief
Rotimi Williams, S.A.N., leading Counsel for the
defendant although Mr. Azeez in his affidavit
mistakenly referred to Chief Williams. S.A.N. as
leading Counsel for the plaintiffs. The material
portions of the affidavit of Mr. Azeez in support of
the defendants application now under consideration
are as follows:-
“2. The above named appellants purported to
commence the appeal herein by notice of appeal
dated the 3rd day of May, 1985 which were settled
by their Counsel Chief J.N. Ohonna. dated 3/5/85
and copied at pages 108-128 of Volume 2 of the
Record of Appeal.
- Chief Rotimi Williams’ chambers started to act in
this matter around the same time.
- Unfortunately, due to oversight on the part of
Counsel who were assisting Chief Williams in this
case, the need to obtain leave to appeal was
overlooked and neither Chief Obonna nor any of
the said Counsel assisting Chief Williams drew his
attention either to this fact or to the need to file a
brief in support of the application for leave to
appeal.
- Accordingly, when this appeal came up before
this Honourable Court on Tuesday, the 2nd day of
May, 1989 Chief Williams had to withdraw the
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purported appeal and it was struck out.
- The oversight mentioned in paragraph 4 above
must have been shared by the learned Counsel for
the respondents who appeared in proceedings in
the Court below and also before this Court for stay
of execution pending appeal and he did not object
on the ground that there was no appeal before the
Court.
- After the appeal was struck out on 2/9/89, the
appellants filed another application dated 22nd
May, 1989, but this application was also struck out
because no prayer for extending the time within
which the appellants may file their appeal was
included.
- The appellants have always been and are still
willing to prosecute their appeal and I swear to this
affidavit in support of the motion for reliefs in that
behalf.”
Brief of arguments was filed by Counsel for the
defendants, Chief F. R.A. Williams, S.A.N.. in
support of the application. Alongside the affidavit of
the defendants in support of the application must
be stated the relevant averments in the counter
affidavit for the plaintiffs sworn by George
Onwubuya, a legal practitioner in the chambers of
Chief G.C.M. Onyiuke. S.A.N leading Counsel for
the plaintiffs, in a stiff opposition to the defendants
prayers in the applications before us. They are as
follows:-
“2. That the applicants were the defendant, in suit
HU/46/73 in the High Court of IMO STATE of the
Umuahia Judicial Division instituted by the
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plaintiffs/respondents claiming declaration of title
to land, damages and injunction.
- That judgment was entered in favour of the
respondents in the High Court on the 16th day of
February, 1979, in terms of their claim.
- That the defendants/applicants’ appeal to the
Court of Appeal was dismissed by that court on
February, 1985.
- That the applicants filed a NOTICE OF APPEAL to
the Supreme Court against the decision of the
Court of Appeal on 2nd May, 1985. This appeal was
entered in this Honourable Court as S.C.228/85.
- That on 2nd May, 1986 the appeal came up for
hearing but was struck out by this Honourable
Court as incompetent. A certified true copy of the
ORDER striking out the appeal is attached hereto
and marked EXHIBIT ‘A’.
- That on the 22nd May, 1989, about 4 years 10
days after the expiration of the statutory period
allowed the applicants to appeal to the Supreme
Court, the applicants filed an application for
extension of time within which to seek leave to
appeal and leave to appeal. A copy of the said
application and affidavit in support are attached
hereto and marked EXHIBIT ‘B’ AND ‘B1’
respectively.
- That this application proceedings were entered
in this Honourable Court as S.C.139/1989.
- That it was not until the 13th day of October,
1989 that is to say, about 5 months after the filing
of the motion on notice for extension of time within
which to seek leave to appeal that the applicants
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filed their brief in support of their application. A
copy of the said brief is attached hereto and
marked EXHIBIT ‘C’.
- That this application was struck out by this
Honourable Court on the 23rd October, 1989,
again, as incompetent on the ground that the
applicants omitted to ask for extension of time
within which to appeal. Certified true copies of the
judgment of KAWU, J.S.C. and WALI, J.S.C., are
attached hereto and marked EXHIBIT ‘D’2 & ‘D’3.
This was the end of the proceedings in SC.139/89.
- That the applicants on the 8th November, 1989
brought a fresh application entitled SC.291/1989
now pending in this Honourable Court.”
What I have left out in the 22 paragraph counter
affidavit of George Onwubuya are those portions
thereof which, in my opinion, contain extraneous
matters by way of objection, or prayer, or legal
argument or conclusions which ought not to be
found in an affidavit. See Section 86 of the
Evidence Act. Counsel for the plaintiffs, Chief
Onyuike, S.A.N., too filed a brief for the plaintiffs in
reply to the brief of the defendants in support of
the application.
In the defendants’ brief in support of the
application it is submitted that the issues for
determination in this appeal are as follows:-
“(i) Whether, in the light of pleadings and evidence
before it, the Court below was correct in holding
that the land in dispute in this case is not the same
as the land covered by Exhibit D.
(ii) If the answer to the first question is in the
10
affirmative, whether the Court below ought to have
dismissed the defendants’ plea of laches,
acquiescence and standing by.
(iii) Whether the Court below was correct in its
conclusion that Nwakamalu’s evidence in Exhibit D
was of no assistance to the defendants in this case.
(iv) Whether the finding of the Court below on
traditional evidence can be supported.
(v) Whether the plaintiffs succeeded in proving the
identity of the land in dispute.
(vi) Who is entitled to the customary right of
occupancy in or over the land in dispute.”
In their own brief the plaintiffs have not identified
the issues for determination in this application.
It appears clear to me that the defendants are in
error as to the issues said to arise for
determination in this application. The issues said by
the defendants to arise for determination are issues
to be considered if and when the appeal itself
comes on for hearing. In my view the sole issue for
determination in this application is whether or not
on the material presented by the defendants and
having regard to the counter affidavit of the
plaintiffs, the undoubted discretion of this Court to
extend time within which to appeal and to grant
leave to appeal should be exercised in favour of the
defendants. However what I have just said about
the failure of the defendants to identify the correct
issues for determination in this application could
not in my view be fatal to their application, for both
in the rest of the defendants’ brief of argument and
in the plaintiffs’ brief of argument and in oral
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submissions of Counsel for both sides in open court
to us, everything proceeded on the footing that the
sole issue for decision in this application is whether
or not the defendants are entitled to the prayers
sought in their application. I will therefore now
proceed to consider the defendants’ application on
that basis.
The defendants’ application is brought under
Section 31(4) of the Supreme Court Act; Order 2
Rule 31 and Order 6 Rule 2 of the Supreme Court
Rules 1985 hereinafter called the rules. Section
31(4) of the Supreme Court Act provides that the
Supreme Court may extend the period prescribed in
Section 31(ii) of the act for giving notice of appeal
or notice of application for leave to appeal. Order 2
Rule 31 of the Rules 1985 provides as follows:
“31 (1) The Court may enlarge the time provided by
these rules for the doing of anything to which these
rules apply, or may direct a departure from these
rules in any other way when this is required in the
interest of justice: provided that in any civil
proceedings, such enlargement of time or departure
from the rules may be granted only in exceptional
circumstances.
(2) Every application for an enlargement of time in
which to appeal or in which to apply for leave to
appeal shall be supported by an affidavit setting
forth good and substantial reasons for the failure to
appeal or to apply for leave to appeal within the
prescribed period. There shall be exhibited or
annexed to such affidavit –
(a) a copy of the judgment from which it is
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intended to appeal;
(b) a copy of other proceedings necessary to
support the complaints against the judgment; and
(c) grounds of appeal which prima facie show good
cause why the appeal should be heard.
(3) Not relevant.”
Order 6 Rule 2 of the rules provides that an
application for leave to appeal or for enlargement
of time within which to appeal or to seek leave to
appeal shall be supported by a brief. I have said
earlier on in this ruling that the defendants have
filed a brief in support of the application the subject
matter of this ruling. To that extent the defendants
have complied with the provisions of Order 6 Rule 2 .
Chief Onyiuke, S.A.N., Counsel for the plaintiffs, in
opposition to the defendants application has drawn
our attention, both in the plaintiffs’ brief of
argument and in oral submissions of Counsel, to
Rule 2(i)(d) of Order 6 Rule 31(2) and Rule 32 of
Order 2 of the rules. Order 6 Rule 2(i)(d) provides
that an application for leave to appeal or for
enlargement of time within which to appeal or to
seek leave to appeal shall in addition to the brief in
its support include the proposed grounds of appeal
from the judgments appealed against. I have
already copied above Order 2 Rule 31(2) .
Order 2 Rule 32 provides as follows:-
“32. Where, in an appeal to the Court from the
court below, the court below has affirmed the
findings of fact of the court of first instance, any
application to the court in pursuance of its
jurisdiction under Section 213(3) of the Constitution
13
for leave to appeal shall be granted only in
exceptional circumstances.”
I can now refer to the second application of the
defendants before us dated 15th June, 1990
seeking leave for this court to amend the grounds
of appeal contained in the notice of appeal
exhibited to the application for leave to appeal and
for an extension of time within which to appeal.
Having drawn attention of Counsel to the
defendants to the fact that as at now there is no
pending notice of appeal in the matter in hand and
that what we have before us is a proposed notice of
appeal, Counsel for the defendants Chief Williams,
S.A.N. made the submission and I agree with him
that the document marked, Exhibit Y in the
application of 15/6/90 can only be treated as the
proposed notice of appeal of the defendants
containing the proposed grounds of appeal upon
which the defendants intend to rely. This being so,
I can now say that the proposed grounds of appeal
of the defendants in support of both the application
for leave to appeal and for an extension of time
within which to appeal are as follows:-
“(i) The Court of Appeal erred in law and came to
the wrong conclusion on the facts in failing to
appreciate the fact that Exhibit ‘D’ was pleaded and
tendered for the purpose of establishing that as far
back as 1936, and to the knowledge of the Chiefs
and people of Eruete the appellants of Avonkwu
Ibeku successfully asserted their claim to title to
the land in dispute or portion thereof. The Court of
Appeal erroneously considered that the said Exhibit
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‘D’ was proved to support a plea of estoppel per
rem judicatam.
(ii) The Court below erred in law in failing to uphold
the defendants’ plea of laches, acquiescence and
standing by.
Particulars of Error
(a) One Nwakamalu who gave evidence for
Umuoche Bende in Exhibit D was, in the undisputed
evidence in the record, one of the ancestors of the
plaintiffs of Eruete.
(b) It follows that the people of Eruete knew of the
proceedings in Exhibit D but preferred to stand by
and make no claim to the land which they now seek
to claim against the defendants who were the
successful party in the context.
(iii) The Court of Appeal was wrong to have upheld
the judgment of the High Court particularly where
the latter judgment resulted in the boundary of the
land awarded to the plaintiff being clearly
inconsistent with the evidence given by Nwakamalu
in Exhibit D.
(iv) The Court of Appeal misdirected itself in law
and on the facts in accepting the traditional
evidence to the effect that the defendants forcibly
entered the land in dispute when there were no
grown up members of Eruete family to stop them
after the death of Nwakamalu.
Particulars of Error
(a) There is no reason why the particular evidence
of tradition should have been accepted in
preference to similar evidence on the same topic
before the Court from other witnesses (including
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plaintiffs witnesses).
(b) In accordance with the rule in Kojo v. Bonsie 14
W.A.C.A. 242 the evidence of tradition ought to
have been rejected.
(v) The Court of Appeal was wrong in failing to
observe that the evidence of boundary given by the
plaintiffs witnesses were at variance with their plan
Exhibit ‘E’.
(vi) The Court of Appeal was wrong in law in failing
to observe that on the evidence before the court,
the Chiefs and people of Avonkwu Ibeku were the
persons deemed to be holders of customary rights
of occupancy in or over the land in dispute since
they were the person in possession of the said
land.”
Having now shown that the application by the
defendants for an extension of time within which to
appeal and for leave to appeal contains the
proposed grounds of appeal of the defendants
against the judgment of the lower court it appears
clear to me that there is no substance in the
submission of counsel for the plaintiffs that the
defendants have not complied with the provisions
of Order 6 Rule 2(1)( d) of the Rules of the Supreme
Court 1985 which enjoin them to include their
proposed grounds of appeal in the present
application by them.
We are now dealing with an application for leave to
appeal, the time for appealing having expired. I
have said that there is no doubt about it that this
court has an undoubted discretion to grant or
refuse the application. It is trite to say that such a
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discretion must be exercised judicially. In effect the
discretion must be exercised having regard to the
principles governing the exercise of such a
discretion.
It behoves me therefore to set down first the
principles governing an extension of time within
which to appeal. In this regard I will start by stating
what Henn Collins. J.. said in Finding v. Finding
(1939) 2 All E.R.173 at 177:-
“We are asked by the appellant to extend an
indulgence to him. The Court can do that only on
settled principles, the chief of which is that it has
an absolute discretion in the matter. That discretion
must be exercised judicially, and, having regard to
certain not very sharply defined principles
necessarily not sharply defined, in as much as one
is dealing with a question of discretion, which must
vary with every case. As was pointed out by
COTTON, L.J., in the passage which LANGTON, J.,
has read, one who asks the court to grant him that
indulgence must show something which entitles
him to the exercise of it. That something is, as a
rule, either lack of means, mistake, or accident.
Those are only instances, and certainly they do not
constitute an exhaustive list.”
Next I will refer to what Langton, J. said in the
same case on the same point at page 176:-
‘The Court should not lose sight of the fact that,
when the time for appeal has run out, and run out
without any kind of protest on the part of the would
be appellant, the respondent has a certain accrued
right. As Mr. Winn has properly pointed out, that
17
accrued right is not permanent, or of a character
which cannot, and should not, at the time be
ignored. The length of the period of time elapsed is
a matter of degree only. ”
In the same vein, it was said in Ratnam v .
Cumarasamy (1965) 1 W.L.R. 8 per Lord Guest:-
“The rules of court must prima facie be obeyed, and
in order to justify a court in extending the time
during which some step in procedure requires to be
taken there must be material upon which the court
can exercise its discretion.”
The decision of this court in Williams v. Hope Rising
Voluntary Funds Society (1982) 2 S.C.145 is along
the same lines. In view of the reasons given by the
defendants for their failure to appeal within the
time prescribed for doing so I will like to refer to
the decision in Gatti v. Shoosmith (1939) 3 All E.R.
916 where it was held that it was entirely in the
discretion of the court to grant or refuse an
extension of time within which to appeal and that it
might for example be granted where the omission
to appeal in due time was due to a mistake on the
part of a legal adviser. The decision of this Court in
Doherty v. Doherty (1964) 1 All N.L.R.299
establishes the same principle.
Having stated the principles applicable in an
application for an extension of time within which to
appeal, I must now state the principles applicable in
an application for leave to appeal. In this regard I
refer to the notes under Order 59 Rule 14(2) to
Order 59 Rule 14 of the Rules of the Supreme Court
England in the Supreme Court Practice 1976
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relating to applications to the Court of Appeal for
leave to appeal. As to circumstances in which leave
may be granted it is stated therein as follows:-
“Circumstances in which leave granted. The Court
of Appeal will grant leave if they see a prima facie
case that an error has been made (see (1907). 123
L.T. JO or if the question is one of general principle,
decided for the first time (Ex p. Oilkhisil, Re:
Armstrong (1886) 17Q.B.D., per Lord Esher, M.R.
at p.528) or on a question of importance upon
which further argument and a decision of the Court
of Appeal would be to the public advantage (see per
Bankes, L.J., in Buckle v. Holmes (1926) 2 K.B. at
p.127). And if such is the case, leave may be given
even though a bill is before parliament which
legalises what the court has held to be lawful (A.G.
v Racecource Betting Control Board ) (1935) 152
L.T. 146).
Leave may be given on one point only, and if so the
appeal is limited to that point ( Sanderson v. Blyth
Theatre Co. (1903) 2 K.B. 533; Jones v. Biernstein
(1900) 1 Q.B. 100). It may properly be made a
condition of leave to appeal that the appellant
shall, if unsuccessful, pay the costs as between
solicitor and client ( Revill v. Bethell (1918) 34 T.L.
R.328) or that he shall not ask for costs if
successful ( Jenkyns v. Southampton Steam Packet
Co. (1919) 35 T.L. R.264 ) or even that he shall pay
the costs of both sides in any event (G. Western Ry
Co. v. Wills (1917) A.C.148 H.L. at p.169).”
Because of the provisions of Order 2 Rule 32 the
rules to which Counsel for the plaintiffs Chief
19
Onyuike, S.A.N., has drawn our attention and
which I have already copied earlier on in this ruling
I have to refer to the following opinion of the Privy
Council in the Stool of Abinabina v. Enyimadu 12
W.A.C.A.171 at 173 as regards appeal against
concurrent findings of fact:-
“The respondents submitted that they were entitled
to judgment since there were concurrent findings of
fact in the West African Courts which applying the
principles laid down in Srimati Bibhabati Devi v.
Kumar Ramendra Narayan Roy (3) ought not to be
disturbed. But the rule as to concurrent findings is
subject to certain exceptions one of which is clearly
stated by Lord Thankerton at page 259 of the case
cited as follows:-
“In order to obviate the practice there must be
some miscarriage of justice or violation of some
principle of law or procedure.”
After defining miscarriage of justice, Lord
Thankerton continues:-
“The violation of some principle of law or procedure
must be such an erroneous proposition of law that
if that proposition be corrected the finding cannot
stand; or it may be the neglect of some principle of
law or procedure, whose application will have the
same effect.”
Having stated the facts and the law as I conceive it
what remains for me to do now is to consider
whether having regard to the material put before
us by the defendants and with due regard to the
settled principles governing the application in hand
this court should or should not exercise its
20
discretion in the matter in favour of the
defendants.
It should be noted that the judgment of the lower
Court was given in this case on the 12th day of
February, 1985. It should also be noted that within
the time prescribed for appealing against the
judgment the defendants on 2nd May, 1985
purported to appeal against the said judgment by
filing a notice of appeal against it. In fact the
appeal was entered in this Court as suit
no.S.C.228/1989. So this is evidently not a case
where it can be said that the time for appeal has
run out and has run out without any kind of protest
on the part of the defendants, the now would be
appellants. The purported appeal of the defendants
came on in this Court for hearing on 2nd May, 1989
and was struck out on the ground that it was
incompetent in that no leave had been obtained
before it was lodged. It is significant to point out
that the present plaintiffs who were the
respondents to the purported appeal which was
struck out did not draw the attention of the
defendants to their mistake in not seeking leave of
the court before filing the appeal until the appeal
came on in this court for hearing.
It is stated in Welden v. De Bathe (1887) 3 T.L.R.
445 that if an application for an extension of time
within which to appeal is made on the ground of
mistake or negligence of a legal adviser the
affidavit should speak to the facts constituting the
mistake. Paragraph 4 of the affidavit of Azeez in
support of the present application which says:-
21
“4. Unfortunately, due to oversight on the part of
Counsels who were assisting Chief Williams in this
case, the need to obtain leave to appeal was
overlooked and neither Chief Ogbonna nor any of
the said counsels assisting Chief Williams drew his
attention either to this fact or to the need to file a
brief in support of the application for leave to
appeal.”
tells us the mistake of the legal practitioner
acting for the defendants which led to their failure
to properly appeal within the time allowed for
appealing and which has also given rise to the
present application we are now considering.
The authorities appear clear to me that the litigant
should not in a situation like this be penalised for
the mistake of his legal adviser. It appears too, that
after the mistake of Counsel acting for the
defendants to obtain leave before filing the abortive
purported notice of appeal, subsequent mistakes
were made by Counsel acting for the defendants in
a later application to this Court for an extension of
time within which to appeal and for leave to appeal
which resulted in that application being struck out.
It is because of these subsequent mistakes of
Counsel for the defendants that Chief Onyuike,
S.A.N. Counsel for the plaintiffs has submitted to us
both in the plaintiffs’ reply brief and in Counsel’s
oral submissions in open Court that it is not in the
interest of justice that the plaintiffs should be made
the victims of the catalogue of errors on the part of
the defendants’ lawyers.
I cannot for my part say that a litigant will not be
22
made to suffer for a certain number of mistakes of
his lawyer and no more. I cannot find any warrant
for such a proposition. It appears to me that where
there is a catalogue of mistakes on the part of the
legal practitioner acting for a litigant, as it is now
being alleged, the correct approach to the mistakes
vis-a-vis an application for an extension of time to
appeal is to find out whether having regard to
these mistakes there is a probability of a
miscarriage of justice occurring if the indulgence
sought by the litigant is granted. In other words, it
will be up to the respondent to the application to
show in what respect having regard to these
mistakes, he would be prejudiced if the indulgence
sought by the applicant is granted. Merely for
Counsel for the respondent to say, as it is being
done now, that there should be an end to a
litigation and nothing more will not in my view
suffice to establish that the respondent will be
prejudiced if the application in question is granted.
This is all the more so in the instant case where, as
I have said earlier on in this ruling, it cannot be
said that the time to appeal ran out without any
kind of protest on the part of the would be
appellants.
Having regard to what I have hitherto said I am
satisfied that the failure of the defendants to appeal
within the time prescribed by law was entirely due
to the mistakes of their counsel. So, I am satisfied
on the authorities that the affidavit in support of
this application has set forth good and substantial
reasons for the failure to appeal or to apply for
23
leave to appeal within the prescribed period.
I now have to consider the proposed grounds of
appeal in order to find out whether or not they
prima facie show good cause why the appeal should
be heard, bearing in mind that this is not only an
application for an extension of time within which to
appeal but also one for leave to appeal. I must also
not lose sight of the provisions of Order 2 Rule 32 of
the Rules to which I have referred above dealing
with appeals from concurrent findings of facts by
the two courts below. Chief Williams, S.A.N., has
argued that the proposed grounds of appeal show
prima facie good grounds why the appeal should be
heard and in this regard he has highlighted grounds
(i) and (ii) of the proposed grounds of appeal which
I have copied above which deal with the rejection
of the defendants defence of laches and
acquiescence by both the trial Court and the Court
of Appeal. Central to the defence of laches and
acquiescence of the defendants, Counsel submits
and rightly too in my view, is a document, Exhibit
D, in these proceedings which is the record of
proceedings of suit no.115/56 between Avonkwu
people of the defendants and Bende people which
case the defendants claimed they won. There is no
doubt that this document was considered by both
the trial court and the Court of Appeal vis-a-vis the
defence of laches and acquiescence put up by the
defendants. It is the submission of Chief Williams,
S.A.N., Counsel for the defendants both in the
defendants’ brief of arguments and in oral
submissions to us in open Court that the Court of
24
Appeal, the lower Court, misunderstood the purpose
why Exh. D was put in evidence. It is further
submitted by Chief Williams. S.A.N., on this point
as follows:-
“It will be demonstrated that OLATAWURA. J.C.A.,
erred when he declared:-
“The first question then is: Is this land now in
dispute the same land covered by Exh. D? I don’t
think so.”
In any event, in para. 14 and 15 of their defence
the appellants pleaded that Exh. D. related to “the
said parcel of land verged yellow” (in the
defendants plan). There was no joinder of issue in
the reply on this point and the facts pleaded in the
reply were not found to have been established by
the courts below.”
If as Chief Williams, S.A.N., contended, it can be
shown that Exh. D, which as I have said, is central
to the defence of the defendants of laches and
acquiescence, has been wrongly excluded by the
Court below in its consideration of that defence,
then in my view some miscarriage of justice has
prima facie been established by the would be
appellants as regards the decision sought to be
appealed against. So, on the authority of the Stool
of Abinabina v. Enyimadu (supra) I am satisfied
that the defendants are entitled to leave to appeal
sought by them on that ground.
I have gone through the proposed grounds of
appeal in this case. I have already dealt with
grounds (i) and (ii). Ground (iii) is tied to Exh. D,
which is said to have been wrongly considered by
25
the two courts below. So, for the reason I have just
given ground (iii) shows good ground why the
appeal should be heard.
Ground (iv) complains about the acceptance of the
traditional evidence of the plaintiffs. This in my
view cannot be entirely divorced from the plea of
laches and acquiescence of the defendants which
must be based on facts within living memory, which
are relevant when considering traditional evidence.
See Kojo v. Bonsie 14 WACA 242.
Ground (v) complains about the acceptance by the
two Courts below of the evidence of the plaintiffs as
regards the identity of the land in dispute when the
evidence of boundary given by the plaintiffs’
witnesses was at variance with what is on the
plaintiffs plan of the land in dispute, Exh. E. This
ground of appeal prima facie shows too good
ground why appeal against a judgment for title
should be heard. The case of Baruwa v. Ogunshola
(1938) 4 W.A.C.A.159 is authority for the
proposition that the first duty of a plaintiff in a
claim of this nature is to show the precise identity
of the land he is claiming.
For ease of reference I repeat ground (vi) of the
proposed grounds of appeal:-
“(vi) The Court of Appeal was wrong in law in
failing to observe that on the evidence before the
court, the Chiefs and people of Avonkwu Ibeku
were the persons deemed to be holders of
customary rights of occupancy in or over the land
in dispute since they were the person in possession
of the said land.”
26
This ground of appeal in my view lacks the
particulars of error on law alleged.
In the first place it does not allege the particular
evidence before the court the appellants are relying
upon. The provisions of the law by reference to
which it would be said that the Chiefs and people of
Avonkwu Ibeku were the persons deemed to be
holders of the customary rights of occupancy in or
over the land in dispute are not stated either.
In this regard, I refer to Order 8 Rule 2(2) of the
Rules which says:-
“(2) If the grounds of appeal allege misdirection or
error in law the particulars and the nature of the
misdirection or error shall be clearly stated.”
I cannot therefore say that ground (vi) of the
proposed grounds of appeal show good cause why
the appeal should be heard.
Having regard to what I have hitherto been saying
I am satisfied that the defendants in this case had
all along shown promptly their desire to appeal
against the judgment of the lower Court to the
knowledge of the plaintiffs. It is only as a result of
the mistake of their Counsel that the appeal could
not properly take off before now and the present
application has to be made. All the time the
defendants had not been inactive. The plaintiffs had
not shown at all in what way they would be
prejudiced if the present application by the
defendants is granted.
Chief Onyuike, S.A.N., in his further submissions
on behalf of the plaintiffs had urged us to refuse
the defendants’ present applications because of
27
their conduct. This conduct, according to Counsel, is
reflected in the following finding of the Court of
Appeal, namely, as per the lead judgment of
Olatawura, J.C.A. as he then was:-
“The conduct of the appellants leaves much to be
desired. They took advantage of a situation where
they ought to have shown sympathy. I think the
Judge was right in describing them as land
grabbers.”
When it is remembered that the defendants by the
present application intend to challenge the whole of
the decision of the lower court including the above
finding it will be manifest, in my view, that that
finding by itself alone cannot be a valid ground for
refusing the present application. What Counsel has
to do more in order to defeat the application, is, in
my view, to present reasons why with due regard
to settled principles the defendants should not now
be allowed to challenge the lower Court’s decision,
which as I have just said, must necessarily include
the finding in question. If these reasons are
unconvincing, the present application must, in my
view, succeed, the finding in question
notwithstanding. And having considered the
material in this application and the principles
applicable to an application of this nature, I have
come to the conclusion that all the other reasons
proffered by counsel for the plaintiff in opposing to
the defendants application have no merit.
I am satisfied on the authorities which I have
considered above that the defendants are entitled
to leave to argue their proposed grounds of appeal
28
except ground (vi) thereof.
In the result, I grant the defendants an extension
of time within which they may seek leave to appeal
against the judgment of the Court of Appeal
delivered on 12th February, 1985. I also grant the
defendants an extension of time within which to
appeal against the said judgment. I also grant the
defendants leave to appeal against the judgment on
their proposed grounds of appeal contained in Exh.
Y to their application of 15/6/90, except ground (vi)
thereof. Time within which the defendants are to
appeal is hereby extended by me by 30 days from
today.
Prayer 1 of the defendants’ application seeking a
departure from the rules of this honourable Court
for the purpose of entertaining this application
notwithstanding non compliance with Order 6 Rule
2(1)(c) which says:-
“(c) The relevant documents referred to in, and
exhibited with, the said affidavits which must
include true copies of the judgments with which the
application is concerned that is, both of the Court
below and the Court of first instance verified by
affidavit;”
has been overtaken by events in that the certified
true copies of the judgments of both the trial Court
and the Court below are before us in this
application. The prayer is now otiose and so it is
hereby struck out.
The plaintiffs are entitled to the costs of this
application which I assess at N50.00 against the
defendants.
29
Concurring Opinion(s)
— ANDREWS OTUTU OBASEKI, J.S.C.:
I agree with my learned brother,
Agbaje, J.S.C that this application be allowed. The
applicants had on the 3rd of May, 1985 purported
to commence appeal proceedings against the
respondents in this application by a notice of appeal
bearing that date filed in the Court of Appeal. The
notice and grounds were settled by counsel. When
the appeal was listed for hearing before this Court
on the 2nd of May, 1989, it was discovered on close
examination of the grounds of appeal that the
appellants could not appeal on those grounds
without the leave of the Court of Appeal or this
Court. Counsel for the appellants pleaded that it
was an oversight and asked for leave to withdraw
the purported appeal. Leave was granted and as
there was no competent appeal, the purported
appeal was struck out.
Thereafter, Counsel commenced the journey to
obtain leave to appeal. The appellants then filed an
application dated 22nd May, 1989 for leave to
appeal on grounds other than ground of law but
failed to include a prayer for extension of time to
appeal. If the statutory period in which to exercise
a right of appeal has expired the court cannot
entertain an application for leave unless a prayer
for extension of time to seek leave and prayer for
extension of time to appeal are included. See
Amudipe v. Arijodi (1978) 9-10 S.C.27.
The application was struck out because of the
omission of the one vital application. The appellants
have now come with an application for an order:
30
“(i) Directing a departure from the rules of this
Honourable Court for the purpose of entertaining
the appeal herein notwithstanding non-compliance
with the requirements of Order 6 Rule 2(1)(c)
(ii) Extending the time within which the appellants
may seek leave to appeal from the judgment of the
Court of Appeal delivered herein on the 12th
February, 1985;
(iii) Leave to appeal from the said judgment of the
Court of Appeal aforesaid;
(iv) Extending the time within which the appellants
may file such appeal;
(v) Such further and/or other orders as this
Honourable Court may deem fit to make in the
circumstances;
(vi) For leave to amend the grounds of appeal
contained in the notice of appeal a copy of which is
now shown to me and marked Exhibit X which
forms part of the record of appeal by substituting
these for the grounds of appeal now shown to me
and marked Exhibit ‘Y’.”
The applicants further gave notice in their motion
paper that
“at the hearing of this application, the appellants
will rely on the record of appeal forwarded to this
Honourable Court from the Court below and in
particular pages 120-140, 82-107; 108-122 and
126-140.”
The application is supported by an affidavit sworn
by Rafiu Babatunde Azeez, the litigation officer in
the chambers of Chief F. R.A. Williams. S.A.N.,
Counsel to the appellants/applicants.
31
Counsel has filed also a brief in support of the
application as required by the rules.
The respondents have filed a counter affidavit
sworn by George Onwubuya, a legal practitioner in
the chambers of Chief G.C.M. Onyiuke, S.A.N.,
Counsel to the respondents.
In such an application as this, the requirements of
the law are straightforward and are contained in
Order 2 Rules 31(1) and(2 )(a), (b) and (c) and
Order 6 Rule 2(1)(a to h). (2) . (3) and (4). Order 2
Rules 31(1) and (2) read:
“(1) The Court may enlarge the time provided by
these rules for the doing of anything to which these
rules apply, or may direct a departure from these
rules in any other way when this is required in the
interest of justice.’
Provided that in civil proceedings, such
enlargement of time or departure from these rules
may be granted only in exceptional circumstances.
(2) Every application for an enlargement of time in
which to appeal or in which to apply for leave to
appeal shall be supported by an affidavit setting
forth good and substantial reasons for the failure to
appeal or to apply for leave to appeal within the
period prescribed. There shall be exhibited or
annexed to such affidavit:
- a) a copy of the judgment from which it is intended
to appeal;
(b) a copy of other proceedings necessary to
support the complaints against the judgment; and
(c) grounds of appeal which prima facie show good
cause why the appeal should be heard.
32
(3) When time is enlarged, a copy of the order
granting such enlargement of time shall be
annexed to the notice of appeal.”
Order 6 deals with procedure for leave to appeal
and also extension of time to seek leave to appeal.
In particular, Rule 2(1), (2), (3) and (4) and Rule 4
are germane to this application. They read:
Rule 2
(1) An application for leave to appeal or for
enlargement of time in which to appeal or to seek
leave to appeal shall be supported by a brief and
shall include the following:
(a) the motion paper for the application;
(b) the relevant affidavit in support thereof and
counter affidavit, if any, in opposition;
(c) the relevant documents referred to in and
exhibited with the said affidavits which must
include true copies of the judgments with which the
application is concerned that is, both of the court
below and the court of first instance verified by
affidavit;
(d) the proposed grounds of appeal from the said
judgments;
(e) a statement of the questions which the
applicant would like the court to consider,
expressed in the terms and circumstances of the
case but without unnecessary detail. The statement
will be deemed to include every subsidiary question
comprised therein. Only questions set forth in the
application or comprised therein will be considered
by the court.
(f) the constitutional provisions, enactments or
33
subsidiary legislation, if any, which are relevant to
the application;
(g) a concise statement of the case containing the
facts material to the consideration of the questions
presented; and
(h) a direct and concise argument amplifying the
reasons relied upon;
(2) All arguments in support of the application shall
be set out in the application as provided for in
paragraph (h) of subrule (1) of this rule
(3) Failure on the part of an applicant for leave to
present with accuracy, brevity and precision
whatever is essential to the clear and adequate
understanding of the questions which require
consideration shall be a sufficient reason for
refusing the application;
(4) The Court, in the interest of justice, may
adjourn the application so as to enable the party or
parties affected to file their own brief in reply.”
Rule 4:
“Where leave has been granted, the appellant shall
file his notice of appeal and the record shall be
compiled in accordance with the provisions of
Order 7.”
It is obvious from the contents of Order 2 Rule
31(1) and (2) and Order 6 Rules 2(1)(a , b , c , d, e, f,
g , h); (2) and (3) what materials the applicant is
required to present to the Court to sustain an
application for extension of time and an application
for leave. To enable the discretion of the Court to
be properly exercised in his favour, an applicant in
an application for enlargement of time to seek
34
leave to appeal must adequately explain the cause
of the delay in making the application and give
cogent reasons why the application was not made
within the time prescribed by the Supreme Court
Act.
Similarly, in an application for extension of time to
appeal, the applicant must explain the cause of the
delay and give cogent reasons why the notice of
appeal was not filed within the statutory period, i.e.
within the time prescribed by the Supreme Court
Act. In addition, the applicant must show that he
has an arguable not a frivolous appeal. He is not
required to show that his appeal will succeed. He is
only to show that he has good grounds of appeal
with reasonable prospect of influencing the minds
of the justices of the Supreme Court in his favour.
In the case of application for leave to appeal, the
applicant must show that the grounds of appeal are
not frivolous but substantial and show a clear case
of either misdirection or non-direction in law or
fact, erroneous conception of the case of the parties
by the judge, erroneous evaluation of evidence and
erroneous findings of facts occasioning miscarriage
of justice to warrant the hearing of the appeal on
those grounds. The applicant is not required to
show that his appeal will succeed. All he is required
to show is that the appeal is arguable and deserves
to be heard on those grounds. The above principles
were laid down by this court in Holman Bros. (Nig.)
Ltd. v. Kigo (Nig.) Ltd. & Anor (1980) NSCC.251
Vol.12 (1980) 811 S.C.43. In that case, Sir Udo
Udoma, J.S.C., delivering the lead judgment in the
35
appeal said at p.260 of (1980) NSCC.
“In principle, when dealing with an application for
leave to appeal, an applicant is not required to
show that the appeal would succeed if leave were
granted. It is sufficient to show that there is an
arguable appeal. Or, to put it in another way, it is
enough to show a prima facie case that the Court
from whose decision leave to appeal is sought, has
committed an error of law; or has failed to exercise
its discretion judicially or has based the exercise of
such discretion on wrong principles.”
The affidavit filed by the applicants has sufficiently
set out the cause of delay to seek leave and to
appeal and Chief F.R.A. Williams, S.A.N., for the
applicants has, in his oral submission amplified this.
If the judgment of Counsel and solicitor to the
appellants on the nature of the questions involved
in the ground of appeal filed in 1985 had been
right, the necessity for this application would not
have arisen. That erroneous judgment, has in my
view, occasioned the delay that has attended the
prosecution of the appeal and the application for
leave. The question now is whether Counsel has not
been diligent in the prosecution of this application.
Diligence is one thing and proper and correct
appreciation of the law is another. I am satisfied
that Counsel and the appellants have not shown
want of diligence in the prosecution of this
application. The time lag between the striking out
of the appeal and the filing of the application for
extension of time to seek leave and for leave has
not shown culpable delay. I do not consider a
36
period of 3 weeks as culpable delay. The error in
the judgment of counsel that the grounds originally
filed were grounds of law cannot be laid at the door
of the applicants who are laymen. Although this
court will not encourage mental laziness on the
part of Counsel. I think that an admission of an
unintentional error of judgment is a circumstance
for an exercise of discretion in favour of the
applicants.
The contention of Chief G.C.M. Onyiuke, S.A.N.,
that the respondents should not be made to suffer
the consequences of the error of judgment or of the
delay caused by the misjudgment of applicants’
Counsel is well taken. The respondents can in the
circumstances, be compensated in costs.
The arguments contained in the briefs show that
the appeal sought to be argued involves substantial
questions of facts and law and that the grounds set
out in this application are not frivolous.
For the above reasons and the reasons set forth in
the ruling by my learned brother, Agbaje, J.S.C.,
and read a short while ago, I will grant the orders
prayed for in the application and I hereby grant
them.
(1) The time to seek leave to appeal is hereby
extended till today;
(2) Leave to appeal on the grounds exhibited in
Exhibit ‘Y’ is hereby granted;
(3) Time to file notice of appeal and appeal is
hereby extended till 12th November, 1990;
(4) The respondents are entitled to costs fixed at
N50.00.
37
— MUHAMMADU LAWAL UWAIS, J.S.C.:
I have
had the privilege of reading in draft the ruling
read by my learned brother, Agbaje, J.S.C.
I entirely agree with him and have
no desire to add anything. Accordingly, the two
applications are hereby granted as per the lead
ruling with costs as assessed therein.
— ADOLPHUIS GODWIN KARIBI-WHYTE, J.S.C.:
I have
read the ruling in this application of my learned
brother, Agbaje, J.S.C. I agree with him that the
application of the defendants/appellants/applicants
ought to be granted notwithstanding the delay in the
making of the application.
I also will and hereby grant the application
(i) for leave to argue the proposed grounds of
appeal with the exception of ground 15,
(ii) extension of time within which applicants may
seek leave to appeal against the judgment of the
Court of Appeal (iii) extension of time to appeal
against the judgment.
(iv) leave to appeal against the said judgment on
the proposed grounds of appeal contained in Exh. X
to the application of 15/6/90 except ground 15
thereof.
Time within which the defendants are to appeal is
extended by 30 days from the date of this
judgment.
Plaintiffs/respondents are entitled to the costs of
this application assessed at N50 against the
defendants.
38
— PHILIP NNAEMEKA-AGU, J.S.C.:
My learned brother,
Agbaje, J.S.C. has dealt so comprehensively with
the facts and the law involved in this ruling that
there is very little that I can usefully add.
Being an application for enlargement of time to
apply for leave to appeal and for leave to
appeal against a judgment of the Court of Appeal,
Enugu Division, delivered on the 12th of February,
1985, the first significant feature of the application
is the length of time that has elapsed between the
date of judgment and the application period of over
five and a half years. The other feature is that from
the controverted facts in the affidavits and the
exhibits, all the defaults were the fault of Counsel.
In the application, a space of over five and half
years between the judgment and this application
prima facie appears rather long. But it is the law
that such a length of time will be immaterial
provided the applicant is able to show good cause
justifying the delay. See Adegoke Alagbe v. H.H.
Samuel Abimbola & Ors (1978) 2 S.C.39. Indeed,
whether the delay is for a short or a long time, the
applicant must, in order to succeed, be able to give
substantial reasons for the delay for the whole
period Adekunle Ojora v. S.A.O. Bakare (1976) 1
S.C.47; also Akano & Anor v. Adediran (1975) 1
N.M.L.R.391. What defeats the application is undue
delay which has not been satisfactorily explained.
In argument, Chief Williams, S.A.N., pointed out
that the applicants filed their appeal timeously after
judgment was entered against them and have made
three attempts to appeal against the judgment ever
39
since. But the proceedings have been on each
occasion, struck out on technical grounds.
All the problems have been due to the mistake of
Counsel, the Courts do not punish a litigant for the
sins of his Counsel, he pointed out. Chief Onyiuke,
S.A.N., countered this by submitting that there is
no reason why the respondent should be made a
victim of the defaults of the applicants’ Counsel. In
any event, it was the duty of Counsel to have tried
to explain his long delay.
I think it should be
regarded as settled by a long line of decided cases
that the Courts do not normally punish a litigant for
the mistakes of his Counsel. See
Bowaje v.Adediwura (1976) 6 S.C.143, p.147;
Akinyede v. The Appraiser (1971) 1 All N.L.R. 162 and
Ahmadu v. Salawu (1974) 1 All N.L.R. (Pt 12) 318.
But in my opinion, the Courts will not regard this as
a universal talisman, the waiver of which will act as
panacea in all cases. The Courts must be satisfied
not only that the allegation of the fault of Counsel
is true and genuine but also that it is availing
having regard to the circumstances of the particular
case.
Now the proceedings in S.C.228/1985 were struck
out because leave was necessary under Section
213(3) of the Constitution but none was obtained
before the grounds which were all facts or mixed
law and facts were filed. The second proceeding
commenced on the 22nd of May, 1988, just twenty
days the first being struck out, had to be withdrawn
because no prayer for extension of time to appeal
was included in the prayer. No default was placed
40
at the door of the applicants themselves.
I am aware that the above grounds for striking out
the application have, in appropriate metaphor
constituted the proverbial “waterloo” for many a
Counsel, not much less the junior Counsel who were
assisting Chief Williams. Experience shows that
these areas of procedural law are not free from
difficulties. It is, of course a good and satisfactory
reason for the delay to show that it was due to the
fact that Counsel was, as it were, caught in the
booby trap of difficult points of procedure. See on
this Aminu Akindele Ojora & Ors v. Lasisi Ajibola
Odunsi (1964) N .M. L. R.12. Having filed their
appeals originally within time before they got
caught in the above procedural difficulties, and all
along kept making efforts to get the appeal off the
ground, I must hold that the delay which derived
from those difficulties, which are the responsibility
of Counsel, cannot be visited on the applicants.
I share the observation of my learned brother in
the lead ruling about the brief in support of the
application. The issues formulated for
determination are those relevant to the substantive
appeal. None was strictly framed on the discretion
of Court which was being prayed for. I must seize
this opportunity to emphasize the difference
between the issues in an appellant’s brief, under
Order 6 Rule 5, and those in an applicant’s brief
under Order 6 Rule 2 of the Supreme Court Rules,
1985 . The former are formulated solely from the
grounds of appeal filed. But the latter are framed
from the facts deposed to in the affidavit in support
41
of the motion together with any exhibits and the
grounds of appeal. The issues for determination in
the appeal itself could be relevant in an applicant’s
brief only to show the strength of the applicant’s
case, but it may not be sufficient to make the court
exercise its discretion in favour of an applicant, as
the applicant needs to show more than that he has
an arguable appeal. But, as no objection was taken
on this and both counsel addressed us fully on the
propriety or otherwise of the court exercising its
discretion in favour of the applicants, I proceeded
to consider the application on its merits, having
regard to all the materials placed before us.
For all the above reasons and the fuller reasons
contained in the lead ruling of my learned brother,
Agbaje, J.S.C., I grant the application and subscribe
to the orders made in the Lead Ruling.
Application granted.
42
Dissenting Opinion(s)
None
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