An issue for determination of any appeal is derived from the grounds of appeal. Any issue not distilled from such grounds is incompetent and ought to…

A court cannot force parties to take advantage of fair hearing principles. Once the court creates the environment, its duty stops. If parties fail to take…

Where a statute requires a particular act to be performed, failure to perform it is delinquent conduct and constitutes non-compliance with the statutory provision. The consequences…

Retrospectivity means the statute's commencement date is earlier than its enactment date. Courts frown upon retrospective legislation, but they are not unconstitutional and are part of…

To determine locus standi, only the statement of claim should be examined. It must donate standing. Where the statement of claim does not show personal interest…

Where a subsequent legislation or Order revokes an earlier one, courts have no jurisdiction to rely on the revoked legislation. A revoked legislation has no force…

The applicable law is the law in existence at the time the cause of action arose, not the law in force at the time jurisdiction was…

The definition of uttering means it does not matter who wrote the mandate. What matters is knowing who used or dealt with the documents. The available…

Circumstantial evidence must be credible, cogent, consistent, unequivocal, and lead to no conclusion other than guilt. It must be capable of proving a proposition with mathematical…

Absence of a handwriting expert is not always prejudicial. Where there is a very strong connecting link between the accused and the document, the court may…

"Utter" includes using or dealing with, and attempting to induce any person to use, deal with, or act upon the thing in question. The appellant used…

For a balanced picture, the entire document must be interpreted as a whole, not in parts convenient to a party. A party cannot pick and choose…