In interpreting a document or judgment, the document or judgment must be read as a whole and interpreted in that light, with effort made to achieve…

The Supreme Court will not interfere with concurrent findings of fact made by the trial court and the Court of Appeal unless such findings are perverse,…

In criminal cases, the burden of proof remains always with the prosecution and never shifts except in certain exceptional cases like insanity.

There are five ways of establishing ownership of land: (a) traditional evidence; (b) acts of ownership extending over sufficient length of time; (c) long possession and…

A confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding if its making appears to the court to have been caused by any…

Where a witness's evidence is materially contradictory to his earlier police statement, the witness should be regarded as unreliable and his evidence ignored. Such evidence can…

Under section 178(2) of the Evidence Act, accomplices' evidence can be used against a co-accused without more, but the court must exercise caution. A conviction based…

Common intention is incapable of positive proof. Its existence can only be inferred from the circumstances disclosed.

In a criminal trial, the court is bound to consider not only defences specifically raised by the accused but also all such evidence and defences that…

Where witnesses testify that each village owns its own portion and no village can sell another's portion, the land is not communal. Only the constituent villages…

Although the trial court granted leave to sue in a representative capacity, this requirement is not even a necessary condition. Where evidence reveals that communities represented…

Where each village owns its own portion of land, appellants do not have common interest. Separate actions should be brought in respect of respective portions of…