In civil cases, admissions in statements made out of court are evidence of the facts asserted against, but not in favour of, the party making them.…

Consideration must be real but need not be adequate. Gross inadequacy may amount to evidence of fraud, but not a ground to avoid a contract. A…

The Managing Director has wide implied authority to carry on the company's business. Third parties dealing with a company are entitled to assume that internal proceedings…

Where the plaintiff proposes to lead material evidence in rebuttal or to raise new issues of fact not covered by the statement of claim or defence,…

Parties are bound by their pleadings and cannot set up a different case. Evidence at variance with pleadings goes to no issue and must be disregarded.

Judgment must be confined to the issues raised by the parties in their pleadings. It is not competent for the trial court to suo motu make…

Not every mistake or error in a judgment results in reversal; only substantial errors that occasion a miscarriage of justice warrant appellate interference. An error as…

Where an accused person strikes the deceased on the head with an iron rod, a deadly weapon, and death results, the accused must be taken to…

For a conviction of murder to stand, the prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused caused the death of the deceased by an unlawful…

Where the accused was the aggressor throughout the incident, the defence of self-defence is not available to him.

The defence of provocation is not available to an accused person who was himself the aggressor. Where the evidence shows that the accused provoked the quarrel…

Courts of law do not deal with hypothetical matters. Submissions based on hypothetical matters not founded on any evidence before the court or inferences drawn from…