Once the pleadings and evidence conclusively disclose a representative capacity and the case was fought throughout in that capacity, the court may enter judgment accordingly, even…

A fact admitted by the defendants requires no further proof of its truth; they are bound by it, and the trial court is justified in acting…

A court is not competent to grant reliefs that were not sought by the parties; such gratuitous reliefs are void and must be set aside.

Concurrent findings supported by sufficient evidence should not be disturbed; interference is warranted only where findings are patently erroneous and allowing them to remain would be…

If all grounds contained in the notice of appeal are incompetent, the appeal itself is also incompetent; additional grounds have no appeal to be anchored on.

It is not the duty of the court to disregard some particulars to save grounds of appeal; it is for the appellant to move the court…

Where grounds of appeal are of mixed law and fact or facts simpliciter, leave must be sought and obtained to render them competent.

A ground of law reveals a misunderstanding or misapplication of the law to proved or admitted facts; a ground of mixed law and fact questions the…

In determining the nature of a ground of appeal, the ground and its particulars must be read together; the body of the ground is not to…

Identification evidence must be clear and unequivocal as to the opportunity the witness had to see the accused; there must be proof that the witness had…

Where there are material contradictions and inconsistencies in the evidence of the sole eyewitness and no cogent reasons are given, it is not sufficient for the…

Where the only evidence of identification is uncorroborated, the trial judge must warn himself of the danger of mistaken identification; only in exceptional circumstances should a…