Ratio Decidendi

Per Adekeye, JSC, in Best (Nig) Ltd v. Blackwood Hodge (Nig) Ltd & Ors (2011) NLC-123-31-1999(SC) at p. 21; Paras A—E:

"It is trite law that before any contract or agreement can be said to have come into existence, in law, there must be an unmistaken and precise offer and an unconditional acceptance of the terms mutually agreed upon by the parties thereto. In other words, the parties to the agreement must be in consensus ad idem as regards the terms and conditions freely and voluntarily agreed upon by them. … A contract may be defined as a legally binding agreement between two or more persons by which rights are acquired by one party in return for acts or forbearances on the part of the other. In effect a contract is a bilateral affair which needs the ad idem of the parties, therefore where the parties are not ad idem, the court will find as a matter of law that an agreement or contract was not duly made between the parties."

Explanation / Scope

This principle establishes that a contract requires an unmistaken and precise offer and unconditional acceptance, with the parties in consensus ad idem on the terms. Where parties are not ad idem, the court will find that no contract was made. The principle applies in contract formation. It ensures that contracts are based on mutual agreement. The principle reflects the requirement for consensus ad idem. It prevents enforcement of agreements without mutual assent. The court must find consensus. The principle provides guidance on formation of contract.

 

Cases Applying This Principle