LEGAL PRINCIPLE: EVIDENCE LAW — Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt — Benefit of Doubt Must Extend to All Accused Where Evidence Is Inseparable
PRINCIPLE STATEMENT
Where the evidence against two accused persons in a criminal case is in all material respects the same and a doubt is resolved by the trial judge in favour of one, the same doubt should also be resolved in favour of the others. Consequently, if one is discharged and acquitted, the other should also be discharged and acquitted.
RATIO DECIDENDI (SOURCE)
Per Tobi, JSC, in Ebri v. State (2004) NLC-332003(SC) at p. 9; Paras C–D.
"Where the evidence against two accused persons in a criminal case is in all material respect the same and a doubt is resolved by the trial Judge in favour of one of the accused persons, the same doubt should also be resolved in favour of the others. Consequently if one is discharged and acquitted, the other should also be discharged and acquitted."
EXPLANATION / SCOPE
The benefit of doubt extends to all co-accused when evidence is identical. The principle applies to criminal trials. Inconsistent verdicts are not permitted. The rule ensures fair treatment. The prosecution must prove its case against each accused individually. The principle is well-established.