Strict proof of special damages means the evidence must show the same particularity as is necessary for its pleading, consisting of evidence of particular losses exactly…

General damages will only be altered on appeal if they are manifestly too high or too low, or awarded on an entirely wrong principle, making them…

An invitation to treat is not an offer that can be accepted to lead to an agreement or contract and therefore cannot form the basis of…

A court is not bound to accept issues framed by the appellant as immutable, particularly when issues formulated by the respondent address the points more squarely.…

The proper course is first to examine the language of the statute and ask what is the natural meaning, uninfluenced by previous state of the law,…

By section 315 of the Constitution, existing laws must be brought in line with constitutional provisions. Section 1(3) provides that if any other law is inconsistent…

It is a cardinal principle of interpretation that where in their ordinary meaning the provisions are clear and unambiguous, effect should be given to them as…

A proviso has a limited operation in qualifying the ambit of the section to which it is related. Its object is to cut down, qualify, create…

The proviso in section 251(1)(d) of the 1999 Constitution relaxes the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal High Court in disputes between an individual customer and his…

"Notwithstanding" excludes the impinging effect of other provisions so that the section may fulfill itself. "Subject to" means liable, subordinate, governed by, or answerable for another…

To commence making orders that strike violently at the heart of the order of a state high court of co-ordinate jurisdiction is to appear to sit…

Where a court is clearly aware that another court of co-ordinate jurisdiction is seised of a case with the same parties and same subject matter, it…