When an accused resiles from a confessional statement, it is his function to explain to the court the reason for the inconsistency.

A conviction may be based on a retracted confession if there is corroboration or external evidence showing it is true; the court must test the confession…

Specific performance cannot be ordered against a vendor who agreed to sell property he does not own; the court does not compel a person to do…

A sale of family property by one co-owner without the concurrence of other co-owner members of the family is invalid and void under the principle nemo…

Upon the death of a person intestate, his property devolves on and becomes the communal or family property of all members of his family.

A contract for the sale of land by a vendor who does not own the land is void ab initio; the purchaser acquires no legal or…

Parties are bound by their pleadings; evidence at variance with the averments in the pleadings goes to no issue and must be discountenanced.

Matters not pleaded are not in issue; evidence regarding them must not be admitted, and if admitted, must be ignored or discountenanced.

Facts pleaded but not supported by evidence go to no issue and must be discountenanced.

Where a party's evidence of traditional history conflicts with his pleaded root of title, he has failed to make out his case; the claim must be…

The court has the power to strike out a notice of appeal or any ground of appeal that is incompetent or vague.

Where grounds of appeal allege misdirection or error in law, the particulars and nature of the misdirection or error must be clearly stated; vague or general…