A survey plan is not necessary in all cases of declaration of title; where there is no difficulty in identifying the land in dispute, a declaration…

Identification of land in dispute may be done by filing a survey plan reflecting all features of the land and showing clearly the precise boundaries.

The evaluation of evidence and ascription of probative value are the primary functions of the trial court; an appellate court should not substitute its own views…

Appellate courts must not be too strict with matters of procedure or technicality when dealing with appeals from Area Courts; the object is that the real…

An appellate court should not ordinarily interfere with a trial court's findings of fact unless the trial court failed to properly use the opportunity of seeing…

Not every mistake or slip in a judgment results in reversal; only substantial errors that occasion a miscarriage of justice warrant appellate interference.

Admission by a party of another's corporate status cannot substitute for proof of incorporation; the certificate of incorporation must be produced in evidence.

When a company's incorporation is categorically denied, the plaintiff must prove incorporation by producing the certificate of incorporation; failure to do so is fatal to the…

The certificate of incorporation is the only way to prove a company's legal personality; it is conclusive proof of incorporation.

When an issue is joined on pleadings, the party bearing the burden must adduce satisfactory evidence; failure to produce a certificate of incorporation when the company's…

When a company's capacity to sue is challenged, it must prove its incorporation; failure to do so means it does not exist in the eyes of…

A landowner or grantor cannot derogate from his own grant; having validly granted land to one party, he cannot subsequently grant the same land to another.